<p>The Mrs. Margaret Sieben House is a historic residence located north of Baldwin, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 101 are houses. This is one of the largest stone houses built in that era, but what makes it unique is the use of ashlar blocks for the major elevations. It also features "high style" elements such as the denticulated cornice. There is a wing on the south side of the house with an enclosed wooden porch. The house is located at the end of a long lane facing a gently sloping hillside. Margaret Sieben was a native of Oldenberg, Germany who settled in Jackson County in 1850 and married Diederick Sieben, also a German immigrant, the following year. After his death in 1861 she ran the farm herself, and had this house built in 1869. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Sonnagh fort is a ringfort  and National Monument located in County Longford, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Sonnagh fort is located about 1.2 km west of Lough Gowna and 7.2 km north-northeast of Ballinalee. It stands in a commanding place overlooking the eastern plains extending to County Westmeath.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The ringfort is a large bivallate enclosure with double bank and ditch. A spring lies immediately to the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are seven ringforts surrounding Aughnacliffe, of which Sonnagh is the best preserved; they are better thought of as protected homesteads rather than military structures. While house type varied, most were made of wood and were usually of post and wattle construction. The walls of the houses consisted of a double row of wattle spaced about 20cm apart with a cavity filled with straw and bracken for insulation. The roof was thatched with straw and held up with wooden posts. The fort&#39;s walls gives their name to the townland: sonnach is Irish for "palisade."</p><br>
<p>The Henry Lubben House, Smokehouse and Springhouse are a collection of historic buildings located north of Baldwin, Iowa, United States. They are three of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 101 were houses, 13 were springhouses, and 36 were other farm related buildings. What makes the Lubben buildings unique is that the three stone buildings are grouped together on the farmstead. The wood frame farm buildings are located immediately to the north. The stonework on the house is coursed-cut stone that is believed to have been quarried just west of the house. The windows have dressed stone sills and lintels. It also features "high style" elements such as the denticulated wooden cornice. The house is L-shaped with a single story stone section on the back, which is original to the house, capped by a wood frame second floor that was added later. An enclosed wooden porch on the front was added in 1931. The quality of the stonework on the springhouse and the smokehouse are of a lesser quality.</p><br>
<p>Henry Lubben was a native of Oldenberg, Germany who settled in Jackson County in 1837. He was one of the first settlers in Monmouth Township. He married in 1858 and the house was built that same year. The two out buildings were built either at the same time, or possibly later in the century. The buildings were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The DeFries House, Barn and Carpenter Shop are a collection of historic buildings located north of Baldwin, Iowa, United States. They are three of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 101 were houses, nine were barns, and 36 were other farm related buildings. The stones used in the construction are of various sizes and shapes and laid in courses. The double end chimneys on the house are found on only two other stone houses in the county, and the DeFries and Thomas Slye houses have them constructed in brick. Also similar to the Slye house is the use of jack arches instead on lintels above the windows and doors. It is possible that both houses were constructed by the same stonemason. While the stonemason for the Syle house is unknown, Christian Blessing, who was trained in his native of Germany, built this collection of buildings. He completed the house in 1858 and the horse barn in 1862. The carpenter shop was built in either 1858 or 1862.</p><br>
<p>Above the main entry into the house is a hausspruch, which translated from the German reads: "The Best that we have is God and his Blessings. B.A. DeVries: T. Ippers: A.B. DeVries." The three people referred to here are Andreas Betten DeVries, later changed to DeFries, his father Bette Andreas DeVries, and his stepmother Trintje Ippers. They immigrated from Germany in 1855 and settled here. The farm expanded under Andreas to include 365 acre, as well as other farm buildings. The three stone buildings are the original part of the farmstead. The stone barn is a 18 by structure capped with a gable roof. The carpenter shop is a 16 by structure built adjacent to the house, as such, it is not considered an outbuilding. The three buildings were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Dewey House is a historic house at 173 Deweys Mills Road in Hartford, Vermont. Built in 1876 by a local mill owner, and remodeled in 1903, it is a high quality local example of residential Colonial Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dewey House stands on the northwest side of Deweys Mills Road, once a primary road between the Deweys Mills village and a railroad station that stood on the Woodstock road (now United States Route 4). It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame building, with a complex roofline, clapboarded exterior, and a foundation of brick and fieldstone. The roof presents two gables to the front, joined by a shed dormer that descends from a roof ridge paralleling the street. The leftmost section of the house has a single-story porch across the front and wrapping around to the side, supported by Tuscan columns. A second porch extends from the right side. The left gable has a Palladian window at its center. The building interior is reflective of an early 20th century remodeling.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the house, its leftmost section, was built in about 1876 as a 1-1/2 story Cape style house, by A.G. Dewey, owner of Deweys Mills. The house affords a commanding view of both the nearby Ottauquechee River and the mill pond associated with his mills, which are no longer standing, demolished in the 20th century by the United States Army Corps of Engineers as part of the Hartland Dam project. A single-story ell, extending to its right, was also built at that time, and the house was enlarged by subsequent generations of Deweys to reach its present configuration. At the time of the houses listing on the National Register in 1999, it still belonged to Dewey&#39;s descendants.</p><br>
<p>The Oscar Chamber House is a historic house at 3200 South Dallas Street in Fort Smith, Arkansas. Built in 1963-64 to a design by Arkansas architect Ernie Jacks, it is a prominent local example of residential Mid-Century Modern architecture, set in a neighborhood of more conventional ranch and split entry houses. It is a single-story frame structure, with a broad gabled roof, vertical board siding, and a concrete foundation. It has casement windows and sliding glass doors providing access to the outside. The structure is basically a U shape built around a courtyard at the back.</p><br>
<p>The design of the house is a product of Jacks early work in Los Angeles with architects Craig Ellwood and Edward Durrell Stone. Stones influence can be seen in the way hallways in the home are set against outside walls overlooking the central garden, and also how the corridors are widened to include built-in storage. Ellwood&#39;s influence can be seen in the way the steel superstructure is built into the hillside.</p><br>
<p>Professor Jacks considers the Chambers house to be one of his prized accomplishments, both for the quality of materials (including walnut woodwork throughout the house and restaurant quality kitchen equipment), and the amenities included in the design. Features of the house include a Jacuzzi, four fireplaces, a library, and an entire wing of childrens rooms, including a play room and two story play house designed for Chambers children.</p><br>
<p>The Chambers family only lived in the house for a few years. Oscar Chambers moved his family to Texas and gave the house to his church.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Lake is an all-sports, 532-acre Oakland County, Michigan lake along the main branch of the Clinton River.</p><br>
<p>To the north is 74-acre Otter Lake, which joins the 458-acre Sylvan Lake, for a total of 532 acres of lake, making it the seventh largest lake in Oakland County.</p><br>
<p>The lake lies in the city of Sylvan Lake, Michigan, in Keego Harbor, Michigan and in Waterford Township, Michigan and is west of Pontiac, Michigan. It is located north of Orchard Lake Road, south of Voorhies Road, east of Cass Lake Road and west of Telegraph Road.</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Lake connects to 12-acre Crystal Lake downstream and to 1,280-acre Cass Lake upstream, although there is a dam between the two lakes at Cass Lake Road.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Sylvan Lake was originally two lakes; Timber Lake to the north and Pickerel Lake to the south. Around the beginning of the 20th century, the names were changed to Sylvan Lake, encompassing the former two lakes into one.</p><br>
<p>The name Sylvan means "located in the woods".</p><br>
<h2>Largest Oakland County lakes</h2><br>
<p>The ten largest lakes in Oakland County are:</p><br>
<p>Cass Lake (Waterford Twp.) 1,280 acres</p><br>
<p>Kent Lake (Milford Twp.) 1,200 acres</p><br>
<p>Orchard Lake (West Bloomfield Twp.) 795 acres</p><br>
<p>Walled Lake (Commerce Twp.) 670 acres</p><br>
<p>Pontiac Lake (Waterford Twp) 640 acres</p><br>
<p>White Lake (White Lake Twp.) 540 acres</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Lake (Waterford Twp.) 532 acres</p><br>
<p>Lake Orion (Orion Twp.) 506 acres</p><br>
<p>Lake Angelus (Auburn Hills) 477 acres</p><br>
<p>Union Lake (Commerce Twp.) 465 acres</p><br>
<h2>Boat Club</h2><br>
<p>Since 1912, The Oakland County Boat Club has been on Sylvan Lake. The Oakland County Boat Club is a private, not-for-profit, social club and marina located in Sylvan Lake.</p><br>
<p>Fireworks have been a tradition in Sylvan Lake since the late 1940s.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Fish in Sylvan Lake include Black Crappie, Largemouth Bass, Northern Pike, Panfish, Rock Bass, Smallmouth Bass and Walleye.</p><br>
<p>The Topsham Fairgrounds Grandstand is a historic event venue at the Topsham Fairgrounds in Topsham, Maine. Built in the 1860s or 1870s, it is one of the state&#39;s only surviving 19th-century fairground grandstands. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Topsham Fairgrounds Grandstand stands near the southeastern portion of the racing oval on the grounds of the Topsham Fair. It is a long, rectangular structure, with a gabled roof. The side facing the oval is open, with tiered seating divided into 18 bays by posts. The outer sides, below the seating tiers, and the rear wall are finished in vertical board-and-batten siding. An announcer&#39;s booth is suspended from the ceiling near the center of the building. Below the seating at the rear is a corridor running the length of the building.</p><br>
<p>The grandstand was built sometime between 1863 and 1877, and was likely enlarged several times. The fair was founded in 1855 by the Sagadahoc Agricultural and Horticultural Society, and was held on these grounds. Its racing oval was reconfigured sometime between 1863, when the need for its improvement was expressed in society documents, and 1877, when a depiction of the grounds shows a new oval and an apparently roofless grandstand. By 1914, a postcard shows the grandstand in its present configuration. Maine&#39;s only other 19th-century fairground grandstands, in Fryeburg and Oxford, date to the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Lyall&#39;s Jewellery Shop is a heritage-listed shop at 90 Mosman Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1897. It is also known as Charters Towers & Dalrymple Historical Society Folk Museum. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lyalls Jewellery Shop is a small masonry shop built in 1897 for David Lyall to replace his previous jewellery shop on the same site. Constructed at the height of Charters Towers prosperity, it is notable for its elaborate frontage featuring large display windows of curved plate glass.</p><br>
<p>The Charters Towers gold field was discovered in late 1871 and by 1872 there was a major rush on the field. In 1874, according to goldfield regulations, the business area of the town was set out on an area thought to be non-auriferous (not containing gold). This area occupied one square mile centred on the intersection of Gill and Mosman Streets and became the commercial and social heart of the city.</p><br>
<p>When it became clear that Charters Towers was more than a transient gold field, permanent buildings began to be erected and the area was surveyed. As was common with gold fields, the survey clarified and confirmed what already existed with regard to property and this can be seen in the variety of lot sizes within the grid superimposed on the settlement. It is well demonstrated by the block on which Lyall&#39;s is built which has a frontage of only 4.22 metres and was purchased freehold by Richard Binder in 1876. Binder was an assayer and jeweller and probably already had an office on the site as the fee paid was nominal and probably simply covered the survey costs.</p><br>
<p>In July 1889, Binder sold the property to David Lyall, who had been working in Charters Towers as a jeweller and watchmaker since at least 1886. His advertisements in the Northern Miner from the Mosman Street address stated that any article of jewellery could be made on the premises to a standard of workmanship equal to be best in London or Edinburgh.</p><br>
<p>Lyall was developing his business at the height of Charters Towers importance as a gold field. In the 1880s mining shares in the field were subject to a major boom in speculation as foreign capital was poured into mining the deep reefs that characterised the field. For a time, Charters Towers was the second town in Queensland, known to its inhabitants as "The World" and was internationally famous. Its peak production was reached in 1899 followed by a decline. By 1912 many people were leaving the town and in 1916, production officially ceased.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, however, this peak had not yet been reached and Mosman Street was now lined with substantial buildings. On December 4, Lyall opened a new shop on his small site which was intended to completely eclipse his competitors. It was brilliantly lit with electric light, had expensive and fashionable fittings and two striking semicircular display windows made of curved plate glass. Extravagant claims for the new shop as a "palace of wonders", made by Lyall in his opening day advertisement in the Northern Miner, are supported by photographs of the exterior and interior of the shop featured in the 1897 Christmas Edition of the North Queensland Register. A few days after the opening, when the magazine of the Mills United mine blew up, Lyall&#39;s was one of the very few buildings in town whose windows were not blown out. This was noted locally and was possibly due to the curved glass.</p><br>
<p>Lyalls was a well-known and prestigious shop where one purchased special gifts. Lyall was financially successful and eventually owned a second premises in Gill Street in 1903 and a house called "Towervilla" on Richmond Hill. He died in 1910 and the shop passed to Rebecca Lyall. It was then run by a succession of managers and was advertised as Lyalls until 1915. Under the management of first Wilson, then Boner and then Miller the shop functioned as both an optometrists and a jewellery shop. In 1939 the shop was sold to Michael Hegarty and passed to Mary Hegarty in 1954. It changed hands only once more, in 1957, when it was sold to Stanley Shong, before being purchased by the Charters Towers and Dalrymple Historical Society in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Historical Society was formed in 1968 in response to strong public interest in the history of the city. Between 1968 and 1970 the society held several public exhibitions of items donated to its collection in order to gain funds to purchase a building that could be used as a community museum. Much of the work needed to repair Lyall&#39;s was carried out by local volunteers and the materials donated, so that the museum was able to open in the building on 1 November 1970.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, Lyalls was gifted to the National Trust of Queensland. The collection had grown too large to be displayed at Lyalls and was removed to the Zara Clark Museum in the former Bartlam&#39;s Store.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Lyall&#39;s Jewllery Shop is a small, single story shop constructed of rendered brick. It has an unusually fine shop front with a recessed entrance between two large display windows of curved plate glass, above ornate timber ventilation grilles. Panels of small, coloured glass panes are above the windows. Another large display window glazed with flat glass is to the side of the shop. There is a gas light over the doorway. The original cedar panelled doors survive, as do sash windows in the side and rear walls.</p><br>
<p>The hipped roof is not visible from the street and is now clad in E. The convex awning to the street is clad with corrugated iron and supported by slender cast iron posts. The cast iron lace valance between the posts does not survive. The balustraded parapet is flanked with pedestals topped with moulded anthemions.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the store, which has a central door between two large plain windows, there is a new toilet block erected by the neighbouring theatre development which has replaced the original back verandah.</p><br>
<p>The interior is intact and is divided into three parts; the largest section towards the street being retail space, a section to the rear which was probably used as workshop or office space and a strong room for precious metals, gems and stock. The strongroom has a brick floor, instead of the timber floors used elsewhere in the store. Its door, which was possibly metal, is now missing. No display counters remain, but the cedar framed display cases, made to fit the windows, do survive.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Lyall&#39;s Jewellery Shop was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The store is situated on an extremely narrow block which demonstrates the manner in which many goldfield towns were surveyed. Lyalls Jewellery Store contributes to an understanding of the development of north Queensland because its demonstrates, as a fashionable jewellers shop of high quality, the wealth and importance of Charters Towers in the late nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The curved plate glass display windows which are the most distinctive feature of the Lyall&#39;s shop front are the only known example in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The shop is intact and by its display space, working area and strongroom has the potential to demonstrate the way in which the business of a small manufacturing jeweller of the period was run.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The shop is intact and by its display space, working area and strongroom has the potential to demonstrate the way in which the business of a small manufacturing jeweller of the period was run.</p><br>
<p>The large timber ventilation grilles beneath the windows also show adaptation to the needs of a tropical climate.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It has aesthetic value as a competent architectural design in a late Victorian style which is generally well liked by the community.</p><br>
<p>Walnut Creek is an urban stream in the San Gabriel Valley of Southern California, and is a tributary of the San Gabriel River. The creek begins at the Puddingstone Dam of Puddingstone Reservoir in Frank G. Bonelli Regional Park and flows westward for about 13 mi, through San Dimas, Covina, West Covina and Baldwin Park, to join the San Gabriel River in El Monte.</p><br>
<p>The major tributaries of Walnut Creek are Live Oak Wash (which flows into Puddingstone Reservoir), Charter Oak Creek in Covina, Vine Creek in West Covina and the Big Dalton Wash. Live Oak Wash and Big Dalton Wash carry runoff from the San Gabriel Mountains, and are prone to flooding due to heavy orographic precipitation events in winter. After devastating flooding in the early 20th century, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works built Puddingstone Dam in 1928 and channelized Walnut Creek and most of its tributaries. However, the first 2 mi of the creek, in Walnut Creek County Park near San Dimas, are free-flowing and run within a deep wooded canyon.</p><br>
<p>Walnut Creek is a perennial stream, with a significant portion of its flow made up of urban runoff. During dry summers, it provides most of the flow in the San Gabriel River below their confluence. This is due to diversion of the San Gabriel River upstream for groundwater recharge of the San Gabriel Valley aquifer. However, the creek can still dry up during years of particularly poor rainfall.</p><br>
<p>Raging Waters Los Angeles is located adjacent to Walnut Creek just below Puddingstone Dam.</p><br>
<p>The Stone kerbing, channels and footbridges of Charters Towers is a heritage-listed group of water infrastructure at various locations in Charters Towers City, Millchester, Queenton, and Richmond Hill throughout Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1930s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charters Towers was a principal gold mining centre from 1872 to 1907 and by 1901 it was Queenslands second largest town. The stone kerbs and channels are significant in highlighting the areas of the town that were settled during the towns mining heyday. Most of the early granite kerbing and channeling at Charters Towers was constructed between and. Particularly fine examples of this work are evident with the original one square mile of the municipality, namely: Hodgkinson, Church, High, Lee, Bow, Anne, Mary and Deane Streets.</p><br>
<p>The early granite kerbs and channeling form a unique pattern of drainage that directs water through and out of the town. The early work directed storm-water into Mosman, Deane and St George Creeks. As the creeks themselves were stone-pitched to form drainage channels and then bridged, some of the land was re-claimed and buildings were constructed nearby. The most impressive example of this is the Deane Street kerb and channeling, which directs most of the water out of the city centre.</p><br>
<p>The masonry work was carried out by either day labour or by contractors. The stone was reportedly quarried nearby, but its exact location is yet to be determined. The network of footbridges that remains in the city today provides details of how early residents of Charters Towers made their way around the city during the wet season, from house yards, across footpaths, over kerbs, channels, and streets to gain access to all parts of the city for work and pleasure.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered in Charters Towers late in 1871 by Hugh and Jupiter Mosman, George Clarke and John Fraser. Their claim was registered at Ravenswood in early 1872 and the Charters Towers Gold Field was proclaimed on 31 August of that year. Settlement followed quickly with the arrival of other diggers eager to peg out their own claims, millers and small business operators. As the mines burrowed deeper and deeper into the granite the small owner-operator mines were replaced by big companies employing wage miners.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers was proclaimed a municipality on 21 June 1877 with its first Mayor and aldermen elected two months later. Only a small municipality, it embrace one square mile centred on Mosman Street. Much on the land within the municipality was unsurveyed and was occupied for residential purposes under Miners Rights. Business life centred on the grid pattern of Gill, Deane, Bow, Ryan, Hodgkinson, Church, Aland, School and in particular, Mosman Street. In the early 1880s committees were in place to oversee council activity and make recommendations including an Improvement Committee. During this boom period many of the initial timber buildings were replaced by more substantial and impressive structures. A number of civic improvements were undertaken by the Council including the construction of a water supply system from the Burdekin River, the development of the citys drainage system (i.e. storm-water kerbs, channeling and drains), the construction of footpaths, "metalling" of roads and the erection of bridges over creeks in the city.</p><br>
<p>By January 1884 a bridge was constructed over Hospital Creek, on a road leading from Charters Towers east to the railway station at Queenton. The contract for these works was won by Mr Walker who stabilised the creek with dry stone masonry and constructed a timber bridge over it. The bridge is reported to have been of great benefit to travelers on the Queenton Road.</p><br>
<p>In March 1884 the Charter Towers Municipal Councils Foreman of Works, Mr Hugh Swann, reported on the improvements works to roads in the town. Works nearing completion included: the clearing of the road in preparation for "metalling" and undertaking drainage work to the bridge and approaches near Plants Day Dawn mine in Rutherford Street; repairing part of Elizabeth and other streets, forming part of Mary Street to carry part of the channel water and storm-water from Mosman Street; procuring material and repairing footpaths throughout the city; and repairing the Municipals portion of Mosman Street that had been previously damaged by water from Plants Day Dawn.</p><br>
<p>In September 1884 the Municipal Council&#39;s Improvement Committee supervised the construction of the Deane Street improvements works, including construction of a bridge at the intersection of Gill and Deane Street. The Foreman of Works, Mr Hugh Swann, initially suggested that Deane Creek should be considered the principal line for the main drain or sewer, as it drains two thirds of the municipality. However, the Council approved his second recommendation in which the creek was formed into a road with the middle of the street formed high as a carriageway, with footpaths, and stone pitched side channels pitched very wide and deep to create a large water-way. At the intersection of Gill Street a bridge was constructed across the creek that allowed the water in the two side channels to pass under it. The bridge was completed by the end of September 1884. The bridge decking was covered with metal to improve access on to the bridge. The two deep and wide channels in Deane Street were continued below the Gill Street intersection to Lissner Park. The successful crossing of Deane Creek provided for the development of the eastern end of Gill Street, which became the main street for commercial activity in Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>There is one reported fatality involving the deep channel in Deane Street. In April 1886, an inquiry was held into the death of Annie Garvan who drowned when she was washed down channeling in Deane Street. Inquiry witness, Sarah Ball, reported that earlier that evening Annie Garvan, a neighbour often seen "under the influence of drink", had begged her for money to buy beer despite being already "quite stupified with drink". On being refused, Garvan said she was heading into town. Ball said that heavy rain started about an hour afterwards. Garvan is believed to have walked out of Jackson Lane into Deane Street where she lost her balance due to the force of the water running down the channel, reportedly two-feet deep at the time. The witness to the tragic accident, Alfred Rule, reported that the woman&#39;s body was carried down the channeling along Deane Street. At the inquiry he stated that he tried three times to rescue the woman before her body passed under the footbridge leading to the yard of the Bank of Australasia then under the "big bridge" (presumably the Gill and Deane Street bridge). Her body traveled the full length of Deane Street, past the Defiance Mill, and was found about 100 yards from the main creek.</p><br>
<p>On 25 October 1884 the Charters Towers Municipality was again calling for tenders for the erection of a bridge, this time over Mosman Creek in Mary Street. Tenders closed at 8 p.m. on Tuesday November 4. It is not known who won the tender to do these works.</p><br>
<p>In November 1889 the Municipal Council erected a bridge over the creek below the Show Grounds. The works were supervised by the Council&#39;s Foreman of Works, Mr Hodges. The contract was let to John McCourt. The masonry work in the creek described as very solid and strong, was laid using the hard bed rock for foundation. The timber bridge was constructed of hard wood. At the time it was constructed the Show Ground Bridge was described as the best bridge ever built in Charters Towers. During the wet season the new bridge provided residents who lived on the north-west side of the Charters Towers access to the commercial centre of the city.</p><br>
<p>By 1899, the Town Clerk, Mr Henry B Walker, in his Annual Report to Council reported that a variety of civic works had been undertaken during the year to enliven the character of Charters Towers, with the priority being road and pedestrian access. At the same meeting, Mayor Benjamin reported that work undertaken by the municipality in 1899 included parts of High, Mary, Mexican and Stubley Streets being stone kerbed, channeled, and tarred and footpaths formed. He stated that this work added to previous works of the same nature that had already been undertaken throughout much of the town.</p><br>
<p>As the population of the town waned following the end of the mining boom in 1907 many areas of the town were abandoned however the stone kerbs, channels and footbridge at Charters Towers continued to be maintained by the Charters Towers City Council. During the Depression of 1929 the Charters Towers City Council conducted maintenance work on the Gill and Deane Street intersection. The date 1929 is etched in the concrete. A number of the timber footbridges in Charters Towers were also replaced at this time with pre-stressed concrete. In 1990s the Council widened Deane Street, north of Gill Street, with no effect on the nature of the open channels. A steel safety fence replaced the original timber structure. It is not known when the original timber bridge was replaced.</p><br>
<p>Over time the street level in Charters Towers has raised and some areas of stone kerbs and channeling are now barely visible underneath soil and grass cover. In recent years new areas of stone kerbing and channeling have been identified. For instance, during the conservation works at the Venus State Battery in 2002 a section of early granite stone kerbing and channeling was uncovered in Jardine Street at the entrance to the Battery. Anecdotal evidence suggests that a similar section of early granite stone kerbing and channeling was uncovered at the base of Towers Hill.</p><br>
<p>In recent years the Charters Towers City Council has undertaken a program to repair the early granite kerbs and channeling at Charters Towers. For example, in 2003, a section of early dry stone granite kerbing on the northern side of Mosman Street, between Jane Street and Deane Street, was "capped" with another layer of granite stones. The stones were laid on top of the original granite kerbing using concrete. The new section of kerbing is easily distinguished from the original section as the stones have been set into concrete, similar to laying bricks, rather than using the traditional method of dry stone wall.</p><br>
<p>A section of Anne Street, between Boundary Street and Vulture Street, in which the early granite kerbing and channeling had been removed and replaced with eight concrete "Besser" blocks, was reconstructed with granite kerbing and channeling in August 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The early kerbing and channeling at Charters Towers is constructed of granite, an igneous rock of coarse grain and consisting essentially of quartz together with feldspars and a mica. Granite is an excellent building stone because of its hardness and resistance to erosion.</p><br>
<p>The early granite kerbs and channeling at Charters Towers is constructed as dry stone masonry. It is visible in a number of streets throughout the city, with the boundary being from Hackett Terrace in the north, Jardine Street in the east, Daydawn Road in the south and Oxford Street in the west.</p><br>
<p>The kerbs have been constructed to several different depths, possibly dependent on the extent of storm-water run off in specific areas. The granite stone used to construct the kerbs are irregular in size, depending upon where they are located. For the most part, within the one square mile the stone used to construct the kerbs is approximately 200 mm x 300 mm, with straight sides and a flat face. They are laid on an angle of approximately 75 to 80 degrees i.e. Deane Street, Church Street and High Street. Other kerbs on the eastern and southern side of the city have been laid on an angle of 50 to 65 degrees i.e. Marion Street and King Street. In other areas the granite stones are laid almost flat forming an early stone-pitched dish drain i.e. King Street.</p><br>
<p>In Gill Street, which has become the main centre for commercial activity within the city, most of the early granite kerbing and channeling has been removed and replaced with concrete kerb and channeling. However, there is a small section of stone kerb and channeling between High Street and Vulture Street. In these areas, the early granite kerbs and channeling has been covered with a layer of concrete, however it is still visible in places where the concrete capping has cracked or worn thin.</p><br>
<p>The granite channels vary in width throughout the town. Channels are between three and five stones in width, approximately 800 mm to 900 mm wide. The stones are more irregular in shape and have a flat face.</p><br>
<p>In some areas individual stones have been removed, either dislodged and lying in the channel adjacent or missing. For example, on the southern side of Anne Street, between Deane Street and Church Street one stone had become dislodged and was lying in the channel. At the southern end of Mosman Street, in front of St Paul&#39;s Playhouse, four stones were lying in the adjacent channel. In other areas the early granite stone channel was covered with either bitumen or a thin layer of concrete, which has cracked to expose the stones underneath.</p><br>
<p>In recent years concrete slabs have been used to provide vehicular and pedestrian access to people&#39;s homes and businesses within the city. The concrete slabs, known locally as "cross-overs", have been placed across the early granite stone kerbs and channeling. Numerous cross-overs are located throughout the city.</p><br>
<p>The channeling to the streets from the slopes of Towers Hill directs storm-water runoff down the granite kerbs and channels along Deane Street. At the intersection of Deane and Gill Street, a large stone- pitched underground drain carries the water underneath Gill Street. The storm-water then flows along a steep stone-pitched open drain the length of Deane Street to the western boundary of Lissner Park. This opens into a wide stone-pitched open drain along the northern boundary of Lissner Park, formerly Mosman Creek. This northern end of town receives a large quantity of storm-water from the elevated areas of the town and was the original confluence of Deane Creek and Mosman Creek.</p><br>
<p>On the north, east and west boundary of Lissner Park there are five pedestrian footbridges and one road bridge that provide access across the open stone-pitched drain into the Park.</p><br>
<p>A pedestrian footbridge (No 1) is located on the northern boundary of Lissner Park. The footbridge is a simple beam bridge with a pair of steel girders supporting a timber deck spanning the 10.2 m wide gap between the two concrete piers on either side of stone pitched drain, with a north-south orientation. A 15 cm thick slab of pre-stressed concrete approximately 1.13 m wide has been laid over the timber deck. Originally Mosman Creek, the drain contains the remains of the original dry stone wall on the northern side, however the southern side has been covered with concrete. There are round steel handrails on both sides of the footbridge.</p><br>
<p>A second pedestrian footbridge (No 2) is located on the north-east boundary of Lissner Park. The footbridge forms an extension of the footpath on the western side of Church Street. The footbridge is a beam bridge with a pair of steel girders supporting a 15 cm thick concrete slab spanning the 18 m wide gap between the two concrete piers on either side of the stone pitched drain. The bridge is orientated north-south. Etched into the western side of the concrete slab are the words "H.P. POOLE. MAYOR. 15.3.29". There are steel handrails on either side of the footbridge.</p><br>
<p>A third footbridge (No 3) is located on the eastern boundary of Lissner Park. The bridge provides pedestrian access through the Charters Towers City Council&#39;s Animal Enclosure, which is located on the eastern side of the Park. It is a beam bridge with steel girders supporting a 15 cm thick concrete slab spanning 29.6 m long x 1.7 m wide. The piers are constructed on concrete. The bridge is orientated east-west. Access to the bridge on the western side is via a concrete ramp. Inscribed into the concrete ramp is the date "30.10.91". Access to the bridge on the eastern side is via four concrete steps, which have small granite stones inlaid in them. A plaque inside the animal enclosure notes that the site was upgraded in 1988 and was officially recognized by the Mayor, Alderman D E Birgan on 10 June 1988.</p><br>
<p>The fourth bridge (No 4) is a road bridge located on the western side of Lissner Park, which provides access for Charters Towers City Council staff into the Lissner Park Depot. It is a beam bridge with a pair of steel girders supporting a 3.3 m wide timber deck on top of which has been laid a base of black plastic that has been covered with a 20 cm thick concrete slab. The bridge spans 4.8 m between two concrete piers and is orientated east-west. The bridge spans the Deane Street drain (originally Deane Creek), which contains the remains of the original dry stonewall on the northern side, however the southern side has been covered with concrete. There is park rail fence on both sides of the bridge. The fence is approximately 85 cm high and consists of three steel posts and two steel rails, which have been painted white.</p><br>
<p>The fifth bridge (No 5) is a pedestrian footbridge located on the western side of Lissner Park at the intersection of Mosman and Deane Streets. This beam bridge is a simple bridge constructed by placing a pair of steel girders on two concrete piers on either side of the Deane Street drain. The steel girders support a 1.5 m wide timber deck on top of which has been laid a 10 cm thick concrete slab, which is approximately 6.1 m long. The date "28.10.1940" has been etched into the concrete pier adjacent to Deane Street. There is a timber park rail fence comprising three posts and one rail (approximately 9.2 cm x 9.2 cm square posts) that have been painted white.</p><br>
<p>The sixth bridge (No 6) is a pedestrian footbridge located on the western side of Lissner Park opposite the intersection of Jane Street. The footbridge is a beam bridge that spans the Deane Street drain. It comprises a pair of steel girders on two concrete piers and supports a timber deck (timber slabs are approximately 20 cm wide x 127 cm long x 5 cm thick) on top of which has been laid a 15 cm thick concrete slab. The bridge is 5.5 m long x 1.3 m wide and is orientated east-west. There is a round iron post handrail on both sides of the bridge. They have been painted dark green and are an extension of the railing that is evident along the western boundary of Lissner Park, which is constructed of the same type and style of material and is also painted dark green.</p><br>
<p>The seventh bridge (No 7) is the 1889 Show Street Bridge, a single lane road bridge that is located on the southeastern corner of the Charters Towers Show Grounds. The original timber bridge has been replaced. Today the bridge is a beam bridge and consists of a 40 cm thick slab of pre-stressed concrete approximately 6 m wide and 6.6 m long on three concrete piers. The Show Bridge is orientated north- south. The original granite stone-pitched open drain and approaches are still evident underneath the bridge. A single round steel post safety rail, painted white, has been placed on either side of the bridge. The eighth bridge (No 8) is the Mary Street Bridge, which is a pedestrian footbridge located on the north side of Mary Street between King Street and Stubley Street. It is a simple beam bridge that is constructed from a steel deck supported by two concrete piers. Inscribed into the western pier is "EAT 95". The bridge is orientated east-west. A single round steel post safety rail is located on either side of the bridge. The handrail is 104 cm high. The drain underneath the footbridge has been lined with concrete, however there are stone pitched kerbs and channels on the southern side of the footbridge.</p><br>
<p>The ninth bridge (No 9) is the Elizabeth Street footbridge, which is located on the southern side of Elizabeth Street between King Street and Stubley Street. This beam bridge has been constructed by placing a pair of steel girders on two concrete piers on either side of a stone pitched drain. The steel girders support a 1.5 m wide timber deck, which is 4.5 m long. There is a park rail fence comprising three steel posts and one steel rail. Posts and rails are approximately 7 cm x 7 cm square posts that have been painted white. The handrails are 105 cm high.</p><br>
<p>The tenth bridge (No 10) is located on the corner of Marion Street and Stubley Street. It is a pedestrian footbridge that provides access across a stone pitched drain. It is aligned east-west. The beam bridge has been constructed by placing a 15 cm thick slab of pre-stressed concrete approximately 1.5 m wide and 6.1 m long on two concrete piers. There is a park rail fence comprising three steel posts and one steel rail. Posts and rails are approximately 7 cm x 7 cm square posts that have been painted white.</p><br>
<p>The eleventh bridge (No 11) is located on the northern side of Towers Street, between Rutherford Street and Stubley Street, opposite the Charters Towers and Dalrymple Family History Library. It is a pedestrian footbridge that provides access across a stone pitched drain. It is aligned east-west. The beam bridge has been constructed by placing a slab of pre-stressed concrete approximately 6.3 m long on two concrete piers. The date "1.2.29" has been inscribed in the concrete on the northern face of the east pier. A safety rail constructed of a round steel post is located on the northern side of the footbridge.</p><br>
<p>The twelfth bridge (No 12) is located on the northern side of Towers Street at the terminus of King Street. It is a pedestrian footbridge that provides access across an earth and concrete creek. It is aligned east-west. The beam bridge consists of a pair of steel girders supporting an 11 cm thick slab of pre-stressed concrete on two concrete piers. The date "23.8.37" has been etched into both concrete piers. The concrete slab has been poured onto sheets of galvanized steel. There is a label stuck on the steel sheeting, which is visible from underneath the bridge, which states: "Bondek I1 BMT Galvanised Z350 Coating. 2/12/2002 - Delivery Date".</p><br>
<p>The thirteenth bridge (No 13) is located on the northern end of Boundary Street. It is a pedestrian footbridge that consists of a simple beam bridge over a dry creek bed. The bridge includes a pair of steel girders supporting a slab of pre-stressed concrete on two concrete and stone piers. The bridge is 7.4 m long and 96 cm wide. There are steel handrails on either side of the footbridge.</p><br>
<p>The fourteenth bridge (No 14) is a pedestrian footbridge located on the western side of Brisk Street across a dry creek bed, which is adjacent to the School of Distance Education. The bridge is orientated north-south. The beam bridge includes a pair of steel girders supporting a 16 cm slab of pre-stressed concrete on two concrete piers, which are approximately 1.5 m high. The bridge is approximately 10 m long x 1 m wide. The concrete slab contains numerous paw prints, the date "25.7.85" and other dates that are not discernable, and the names "MARC" and "HECTOR".</p><br>
<p>At the eastern end of Mexican Street there is a small granite culvert with early granite kerbing and channeling located on both sides of it.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The stone kerbing, channels and footbridges of Charters Towers were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The early granite kerbs, channels and footbridges at Charters Towers is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, especially the important role of Charters Towers, once a prosperous gold mining centre and the second largest town in Queensland, in the development of far north Queensland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The work was initiated in the mid-1880s after the Charters Towers Municipal Council, which was declared in 1877, commenced a number of other civic improvements, including a water supply from the Burdekin River, street formation and bridge construction.</p><br>
<p>The early granite kerbs and channels at Charters Towers are important in demonstrating the development of early drainage methods in mining towns in far north Queensland in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The early pedestrian footbridges at Charters Towers demonstrate the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular, the role of pedestrian footbridges in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in providing access to residents and visitors at Charters Towers to their places of work, schools, churches, shops, banks, homes and recreational activities prior to the introduction and wide spread use of the motor vehicle.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The early granite kerbs and channeling at Charters Towers is important in Queenslands history for its rarity value. Such extensive use of granite kerbs and channeling, illustrating the confidence and optimism of local business and civic leaders in the future of Charters Towers in the late 19th century, is known only in the far north Queensland town of Cooktown, where granite kerbs and channels were constructed between the period 1884 and 1910. Together they are significant as a rare and uncommon aspect of Queenslands cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The early granite kerbs and channeling at Charters Towers have the potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history. As the population of the town waned following the end of the mining boom in 1907 many areas of the town were abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Over time, the street levels have been raised. There is the possibility that sub-strata kerbing and channeling exist with the potential to extend the current body of knowledge about this early civic work of the Charters Towers Municipal Council.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The granite stone kerbs, channels and footbridges at Charters Towers contributes to the overall aesthetic quality of the historic streetscapes of Charters Towers and provides a high degree of unity to the townscape in its material and design. It contributes also to the distinctiveness of Charters Towers, and as such is valued by the local community and visitors to the historic mining town as an important element of Charters Tower&#39;s history and identity.</p><br>
<p>That the community values the early granite kerbing and channeling is evident in the actions of the Charters Towers City Council, which since the 1990s has been reconstructing areas of granite kerbing and channeling to complement the earlier work.</p><br>
<p>The Ranni Forest Division in Kerala, India, was constituted on July7, 1958, comprising the Ranni, Vadasserikkara, and Goodrical ranges, with its headquarters at Ranni. It covers the parts of Konni reserve forest and the reserves of Ranni, Goodrical, Rajampara, Karimkulam, Kumaramperoor, Valiyakavu, and Schettakkal. With an area of 1,059 km&sup2, the Ranni Forest Division is one of the best ecosystems in Kerala state.</p><br>
<h2>Types of forests and composition</h2><br>
<p>Reserve forests covering 1,057 km&sup2; and vested forests covering 1.5 km&sup2; are the major types of forests in this division. The Ranni Forest Division, with its natural beauty and richness in flora and fauna, is a storehouse of many varieties of plants and animals. The forests in the Ranni range can be classified into the following categories.</p><br>
<p>West coast tropical evergreen forests</p><br>
<p>West coast semi-evergreen forests</p><br>
<p>Southern moist mixed deciduous forests</p><br>
<p>Southern sub tropical wet hill forests</p><br>
<p>Southern montane wet temperate forests</p><br>
<p>Reed breakes</p><br>
<p>Grass lands</p><br>
<p>Manmade forests</p><br>
<h2>Divisions of Ranni forest</h2><br>
<h3>Goodrical range</h3><br>
<p>The Goodrical forest range is situated in the eastern side of Pathanamthitta district, with an area of 654 km&sup2;. Comparatively, human interference is less in these forests than in others in India. But at times of the Sabarimala pilgrimage, these forests ranges are crowded with devotees. Evergreen and semi-evergreen types of forests are here. There are three forest stations under this range:</p><br>
<p>Plappally</p><br>
<p>Kochukoikkal</p><br>
<p>Pachakkanam</p><br>
<h3>Vadasserikkara range</h3><br>
<p>The Vadasserikkara range lies to the eastern part of Ranni, with its headquarters at Vadasserikkara. This range covers an area of almost 268 km&sup2; of the Ranni Forest Division. Kakkattar and Kallar, tributaries of the Pamba River, flow through this range. Small-scale agriculture is done in the populated regions of the Vadasserikkara range, especially on the gentle slopes. The natural forests of this range are classified into west coast tropical evergreen forests, west coast semi-evergreen forests, southern moist mixed deciduous forests, and grasslands. There are three forest stations under Vadasserikkara:</p><br>
<p>Chittar</p><br>
<p>Gurunathanmannu</p><br>
<p>Thannithodu</p><br>
<h3>Ranni range</h3><br>
<p>The Ranni range covers an area of 136.2 km&sup2, and its headquarters is at Ranni. Evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous types of forests can be seen here. The three forest stations under this range are:</p><br>
<p>Karimkulam</p><br>
<p>Kanamala</p><br>
<p>Rajampara</p><br>
<h2>Index of flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>Many unique plants and herbs can be seen in these forest ranges. Medical plants such as Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus), Solanum anguivi, Desmodium gangeticum, Cissus quadrangularis, Pseudarthria viscida, Strobilanthes ciliatus, and Dysoxylum malabaricum (Vella akil) grow in the deeper parts of the forest. The eco-system of the forests here is suitable for the growth of these plants. A complete list of plants seen in Ranni division is given below.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<h4>Fishes and amphibians</h4><br>
<p>The natural streams and rivers in these ranges are the repository of varied fish species and amphibians. Almost 51species of fishes and 43species of amphibians were reported from the various streams and water bodies in the forest divisions of Ranni. They are the following.</p><br>
<h4>Reptiles and mammals</h4><br>
<p>Kerala&#39;s forests are the storehouse of many species of reptiles and mammals. Reptiles of 59species and mammals of 34species were reported from the forests of Ranni. The rain forests here are the habitat of the venomous King cobra. Many King cobras were caught by Vava Suresh, the snake expert and wildlife conservationist for the Angamoozhy, Chittar, and Moozhiyar regions in the Goodrical range. The mammals are also rich in number, with countless species in these forests.</p><br>
<h3>Birds</h3><br>
<p>There are abundant species of birds in these forests, including some that face extinction. There are 196 known species of birds reported from the Ranni division.</p><br>
<h4>List of birds</h4><br>
<h2>Tribal settlements</h2><br>
<p>The forest ranges of Ranni are inhabited by many tribal communities, mainly the Ulladan, Vettuvan and Malavedan, each having their own traditions and beliefs.</p><br>
<p>The Bore Sight Range and Compass Swinging Platform are a heritage-listed pair of aircraft testing facilities at Charters Towers Airport, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. They were built from 1942 to 1943. They are also known as Charters Towers WWII Airfield Gun Firing Range and Compass Swinging Station. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 May 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charters Towers Airfield was constructed for the United States Army in early 1942 to provide dispersal facilities for the main Townsville air base at Garbutt, in the event of Japanese air raids during World War II. During 1942 the US 3rd Bombardment Group was based at Charters Towers while undertaking strikes against Japanese bases in the south-west Pacific. From 1943 the airfield served as a US aircraft replacement and training centre. Facilities constructed during this period which remain include a bore sight range (a gun firing range used to check the alignment of the fixed guns of an aircraft) and a compass swinging station (used to check for magnetic deviation in an aircraft compass).</p><br>
<p>The site of Charters Towers Airfield is said to have been selected about December 1941 by Mr Pettus who was attached to the US Army with the honorary rank of Colonel. As a civilian with the US firm of Sverdrup and Parcel, engineering consultants to the US forces, Pettus was involved in a contour survey of the town for the placement of three runways each 7000 feet (2133 metres) in length and 150 feet (45.7 metres) wide, which it was optimistically thought would blend in with the Charters Towers street grid and be invisible from the air.</p><br>
<p>As early as July 1941 the Royal Australian Air Force had ordered a survey of the Charters Towers vicinity to identify sites for airfields to accommodate heavy bombers and combat aircraft and an initial survey was undertaken during September. This survey resulted in the selection of suitable airfield sites at Corinda (now Columbia), Sandy Creek (now Breddan) and several locations near Sellheim.</p><br>
<p>On 7 December 1941 Japanese aircraft made a surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbour in the Hawaiian Islands. At the same time Japanese forces launched assaults on Thailand, the Philippines and the British colony of Malaya. Three days after Pearl Harbor, two capital ships of the Royal Navy were sunk off the coast of Malaya. This gave the Japanese almost total control of the seas to Australia&#39;s north. The sudden fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942 and the rapid, unchecked Japanese advance through the islands of the Netherlands East Indies raised fears of the invasion of Australia and aerial attacks on Queensland bases.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers was the closest inland centre that could provide strategic support and aircraft dispersal facilities for the main North Eastern Area air base at Garbutt, Townsville, which was considered vulnerable to Japanese attack.</p><br>
<p>The RAAF ordered commencement of preliminary work on the Charters Towers town aerodrome during January 1942, with the grading of three temporary landing strips for use while the main aerodrome was under construction (two landing grounds were cleared on football fields and one near the cemetery).</p><br>
<p>By early February 1942 the airfield project had been accorded priority by the RAAF with a request that the NE-SW runway be graded first followed by the north-south runway. To get the project underway while awaiting the original plans, the airfield site was resurveyed by Main Roads Commission (MRC) engineers at Charters Towers and the layout was amended slightly.</p><br>
<p>Construction of Charters Towers airfield began in earnest on Monday 16 February 1942. Deadline for completion of the first strip was 14 days. Hundreds of men and all available earth-moving plant were brought in from Townsville and the first gravel strip was completed in 17 days. Grading of the second runway was completed soon after.</p><br>
<p>To speed base construction and foil Japanese aerial reconnaissance, all houses in the vicinity of the airfield were taken over so that personnel could be housed as inconspicuously as possible.</p><br>
<p>The airfield became operational during March with arrival of the first of four bombardment squadrons of the US Army Air Force 3rd Bombardment Group (Light), equipped with A-24 Dauntless dive bombers which had been intended for the Philippines. The group was later equipped with A-20 Boston medium bombers. These aircraft were followed by the arrival of B-25 Mitchell bombers that had been intended for use by the Dutch in the Netherlands East Indies, but were taken over by the Americans.</p><br>
<p>At Charters Towers, the cost for construction of runways, taxiways, hardstands, dispersal areas and all buildings and facilities was the responsibility of the US Army Services of Supply, Base Section Two. Works were ordered by the US Army through the federal Co-ordinator-General, Department of Public Works and contracted through the Department of Interior and Allied Works Council to the MRC for supervision.</p><br>
<p>In July 1942 the NE-SW runway (known as Runway 45, later Runway 56) was sealed and the north-south runway (known as Runway 7, later Runway 9) was metalled. The MRC used local mine tailings for the runways prompting a US press report that they were "paved with gold".</p><br>
<p>During 1942 Charters Towers airfield became instrumental in the development of the B-25 "Strafer". Experimentation began with the replacement of four fixed 30 calibre machine guns in the nose section of the A-20 Boston, with heavier 50 calibre machine guns which were found to be more effective for low level ground and shipping attack. This led to conversion of the B-25 Mitchell "bombardier nose" to a "gunnery nose". The B-25 conversion involved the fitting of eight fixed forward firing 50 calibre machine guns. The early B-25 "Strafer" conversions were carried out at Eagle Farm, Brisbane, on aircraft of 3 BG(M) operating from Charters Towers in low level strikes against Japanese shipping in Rabaul Harbour and airfields and bases in New Guinea. The B-25 "Strafer" conversion, initiated in North Queensland, was quickly adopted in all US theatres of World War II.</p><br>
<p>Following the transfer of 3 BG(M) to New Guinea in November 1942, Charters Towers airfield served through most of 1943 as a US Fighter and Bomber Command Replacement Training Centre.</p><br>
<p>During mid-February 1943 the Department of Public Works received a requisition from the US Army for construction of a gun firing range, or bore sight range, platform at Charters Towers airfield to test the accuracy of aircraft fixed armament. The work order was lodged with the superintending engineer, Department of Interior, Townsville. The concrete gun firing platform was designed with an adjustable metal plate set in front of the concrete block to take the nose wheel of aircraft with tricycle undercarriages, such as the B-25. A steel gantry frame with a sling was positioned on the platform to lift the tail of fighter aircraft with tail wheels such as the P-40. The bore sight range extended about 360 metres to an earth mound, or butt, in front of which a target was set.</p><br>
<p>It was probably during this early period of 1943 that a compass swinging station, or platform, was constructed on the northern side of the NE-SW runway near its central point. No record of the date of construction has been located. The platform was a circular concrete slab, 120 feet 6 inches (36.7 metres) in diameter with a compass rose inscribed on its surface. Aircraft were pushed onto the platform and aligned with each of the 16 main cardinal points of the compass, starting with north. Variations in aircraft compass bearings were noted and compass magnets were adjusted.</p><br>
<p>The RAAF resumed responsibility for the maintenance of the airfield in May 1944. The US withdrawal was signalled in June 1944 when the Charters Towers Airfield was classified as a "reserve airdrome". Most of the US facilities at the airfield were turned over to the RAAF in December 1944. The Department of Civil Aviation was advised by the Department of Air in January 1946 that the RAAF planned to retain responsibility for Charters Towers airfield in the post-war period. RAAF responsibility has long since lapsed and today the airfield is operated by the Charters Towers Regional Council.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Charters Towers Airfield (now Charters Towers Airport) is located on the northern outskirts of Charters Towers in the suburb of Columbia.</p><br>
<h3>Bore Sight Range</h3><br>
<p>Aligned approximately east-west off the northern end of the wartime north-south runway (in the adjacent suburb of Toll), the Bore Sight Range includes an aircraft hardstand in the form of a raised concrete platform approximately 15 metres square. A steel tie down shackle is set into the concrete surface. An adjustable metal plate, which can be raised or lowered, is set at the front of the raised hardstand to carry the nose wheel of aircraft fitted with tricycle undercarriages. A cleared range extends east about 360 metres from the hardstand to the original earth butt, in front of which a recent display target is set.</p><br>
<h3>Compass Swinging Platform</h3><br>
<p>The Compass Swinging Platform is located about 850m south-east of the Bore Sight Range&#39;s hardstand (in the suburb of Columbia), on the northern side of the wartime NE- SW runway, near its central point. It comprises a circular concrete slab 120 feet 6 inches (36.7 metres) in diameter with a compass rose inscribed on the surface.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Bore Sight Range and Compass Swinging Platform at Charters Towers Airfield were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 May 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>They are significant as surviving evidence of a major United States Fifth Air Force Aircraft Replacement and Training Centre developed for the Townsville region during World War II.</p><br>
<p>They are significant for their role in the operation of the US Replacement and Training Centre and in the conduct of the air war in the South West Pacific Area in association with the nearby RAAF aircraft repair and salvage installation at Breddan Airfield.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Bore Site Range is the only known example of its type in Queensland with an adjustable nose wheel platform to accommodate aircraft such as the P-39 Airacobra, A-20 Boston, B-25 Mitchell "Strafer", and B-26 Marauder.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Bore Sight Range and Compass Swinging Platform remain substantially intact and are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of their types. The bore sight range retains its concrete hardstand, cleared range and earth butt. The circular concrete slab of the compass swinging platform remains adjacent to the wartime runway, and retains its compass rose inscription.</p><br>
<p>Central Batesville Historic District is a national historic district located at Batesville, Ripley County, Indiana. The district encompasses 44 contributing buildings and 3 contributing structures in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Batesville. The district developed between about 1852 and 1960 and includes notable examples of Italianate, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, Classical Revival, and Streamline Moderne style architecture. Notable buildings include the a gas station , Hillenbrand Buildings , Batesville Bank , Gibson Theatre , Sherman House , Batesville Memorial Building , German Methodist Church , Boehringer Hall , St. Mark&#39;s Evangelical Lutheran Church , Baas-Nolte Building and House , Batesville Post Office , and Batesville Telephone Building .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Inchcleraun , also called Quaker Island, is an island situated in Lough Ree on the River Shannon, in central Ireland.</p><br>
<p>The island is home to the ruins of St. Diarmaid’s Monastery, a monastery founded by Diarmaid the Just in AD 560. These buildings constitute a National Monument.</p><br>
<h2>The island</h2><br>
<p>Inchcleraun is an island of 57.7 hectare located in the centre of Lough Ree, with Knockcroghery, County Roscommon to its west and Newtowncashel, County Longford to its east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island takes its name from Irish for "Clothrus Island". In Irish legend, Clothru was a daughter of Eochu Feidlech, then High King of Ireland. She became the Queen of Connacht after her father’s death, and once owned the island. Her sister, Medb, retired to Inchcleraun after Medbs husband Ailill mac Máta killed her lover Fergus mac Róich. One point is called Grianan Meva ("Medbs sunny place"), and nearby is Innadmarfa Meva (Ionad Marbhtha Meidhbhe, "Place of Medbs death"), where she was killed by a stone thrown from Elfeet Castle, on the Longford side of the lake. In other versions of the legend, it is a lump of cheese fired from a slingshot by a nephew of Clothru.</p><br>
<p>The name “Quaker Island” is more recent, and owes to the island being owned at one time by a Quaker. The island is today owned by the Irish state.</p><br>
<h3>Annalistic references</h3><br>
<p>719 St Sionnach of Inchcleraun died on the 20 April.</p><br>
<p>769 Curoi, the son of Alniadh, Abbot and Sage of Inchcleraun, and of Caill Fochladha (Lough Derravaragh) in Meath died.</p><br>
<p>780 Eochaidh, the son of Focartach, Abbot of Fochladha and of Inchcleraun, died.</p><br>
<p>1010 The men of Munster plundered Inchcleraun and Inis Bo-finne</p><br>
<p>1050 Inchcleraun was plundered</p><br>
<p>1087 The fleet of the men of Munster, with Muirchertach Ua Briain, sailed on the Shannon to Lough Ree and plundered the islands of the lake (inc. Inchcleraun)</p><br>
<p>1136 Áed Ua Finn (Hugh O&#39;Flynn), the Bishop of Bréifne, died in Inchcleraun</p><br>
<p>1141 Giolla na Naomh Mac Fearghail, chief of the people of Annaly (Angaile), the most prosperous man in Ireland, died at a great age and was buried at Inchcleraun.</p><br>
<p>1150 Morogh, the son of the above, the tower of splendour and nobility in East Connacht died in Inchcleraun.</p><br>
<p>1160 Gilla na Naomh Ó Duinn, ollam of Inchcleraun, teacher of history and poetry sent his spirit to the Supreme Father amidst a choir of angels on the 17th day of December in the year of his 58th birthday.</p><br>
<p>1167 Cinaeth Ua Cethearnaigh, Priest of Inchcleraun died.</p><br>
<p>1168 Dubhcobhlach, the daughter of O&#39;Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna, died and was interred in Inchcleraun</p><br>
<p>1170 Diarmaid Ó Briain, Coarb of Comman, was chief senior of the east of Connaught, died in Inchcleraun in the 95th year of his age.</p><br>
<p>1174 Rory O&#39;Carroll, Lord of Éile, was slain in the middle of Inchcleraun</p><br>
<p>1189 It was at Inchcleraun on Lough Ree that the hostages of O&#39;Connor Maon-Moy were kept at the time.</p><br>
<p>1193 Inchcleraun was plundered by the sons of Costelloe and by the sons of O&#39;Connor Maon-Moy</p><br>
<p>1232 Tiapraide O&#39; Breen, Coarb of Saint Coman, an ecclesiastic learned in History and Law, died on his pilgrimage on the island of Inchcleraun</p><br>
<p>1244 Donnchad mac Fíngein Ó Conchobhair, who was the grandson of Hugh, son of Torlogh O&#39;Connor, Bishop of Elphin, died the 23th of April on Inchcleraun,and was interred in the monastery of Boyle.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Between 800 and 1300 the island and its churches were repeatedly plundered and burned by invaders, so the buildings are in ruins today. Six of the island&#39;s churches are surrounded by an enclosure in the southeast corner of the island.</p><br>
<h3>Templedermot</h3><br>
<p>A monastery founded by Saint Diarmaid the Just in 540 AD is the most prominent ruin. Diarmaid was a teacher of Ciarán of Clonmacnoise.</p><br>
<h3>Templemore</h3><br>
<p>This monastery is by far the most important ruin on the island. The church consists of a single nave 14.5 m long and 6.5 m wide. The walls are about 4 m high. There are two graceful lancet windows at the east end which are long, narrow and well recessed.</p><br>
<p>The windows on the south side have the appearance of later additions and are unsymmetrical. All traces of doors have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door and an entrance on the north side to the cloister.</p><br>
<p>An upper chamber exists and when perfect, covered the Chapter-house sacristy, and the east cloister, the internal walls of the lower apartments forming intermediate supports for the flooring. The interior walls of the church were once plastered.</p><br>
<p>John O&#39;Donovan referred to this building as two churches: the monastic apartments as one and the vaulted sacristy as a penitential prison, labelling it "Deartheach".</p><br>
<h3>Templemurry</h3><br>
<p>The largest church. According to local lore, any woman who enters Templemurray will die within a year.</p><br>
<h3>Clogas</h3><br>
<p>One of the churches, crowning the highest point of the island. has a square bell tower (clogas), which is attached to the main building, which is. Most churches of this era had round towers, separate from the main building. It is located on the northern part of the island and is visible from the shoreline. On the plan the church is rectangular, being 10.6 m by 5.1 m.</p><br>
<p>The Professional Building is a historic commercial building at 177-179 Main Street in Waterville, Maine. Built in 1923 to a design by Miller & Mayo of Portland, it is a rare early example of Art Deco architecture in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Watervilles Professional Building stands on the east side of Main Street in the citys downtown business district, at its northeast corner with Appleton Street. It is a four story structure, with a steel frame clad in brick and concrete. Its main street facade is five bays wide, with the outer bays projecting slightly, giving the impression of towers. The outer bays on both street facades have entrances set in decorated segmented arch surrounds, and the entire first floor is topped by decorate concrete work. The top of the build has similar decorative elements, with raised parapets at the corners. Windows in the corner bays are standard sash, with decorative panels between, while inner bays have groups of three windows in a narrow-wide-narrow configuration. The bays are articulated by projecting brick piers, capped by decorative elements at the parapet above.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by the noted Portland firm of Miller and Mayo, and was built in 1923. At the time of its construction, it was (with more than 30,000 square feet of prime commercial and office space) the largest building of its type in the city. Its architectural details also represent an unusually early example of Art Deco elements in the state.</p><br>
<p>Manabeshima is an island in the Seto Inland Sea, part of the municipality of Kasaoka, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. The island has an area of 1.49 km and is one of the seven inhabited islands of the Kasaoka Islands group. The island&#39;s main commercial activity is fishing.</p><br>
<p>The island has come to international prominence due to its location as a film set and as the subject of a graphic narrative "Manabe Shima, Island Japan" by illustrator Florent Chavouet first published in France in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is 31 km by boat from the main Japanese island of Honshū. The island has few roads, but in the face of rural depopulation and downward demographic trends, has managed to retain both its elementary and junior high school. The island features sandy beaches and a mild year round climate. Kasaoka is the closest ferry port.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, key locations on the island were documented on Google Street View with a backpack mounted camera.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Manabeshima was the setting for the 1984 film MacArthurs Children, describing the impact of the United States occupation of Japan from the perspective of the inhabitants of a small island community. The film featured the feature film debut of actor Ken Watanabe starring alongside Masako Natsume and Shima Iwashita.</p><br>
<p>Burdekin River Pumping Station is a heritage-listed pumping station at Weir Road, Breddan, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1910s. It is also known as Charters Towers Water Supply Scheme. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 July 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Burdekin River Pumping Station was erected as part of the important Charters Towers water supply system, constructed from 1887 to 1891 for the Burdekin Water Scheme Joint Board. When completed the scheme included a pumping station, rising main, reservoir on Tower Hill, chimney stack, engineers residence, workers cottages, provisional school, tram track, bridge across the Burdekin River and several trestle bridges to carry the rising main across small creeks between the pumping station and the reservoir in the town. The project cost around £80,000, exclusive of ongoing maintenance, the building of a weir in 1902 and construction of an aerial tramway (flying fox) across the river.</p><br>
<p>The significance of the Charters Towers water supply system to the development of the surrounding goldfields cannot be overestimated. Discovered in late 1871, Charters Towers was the richest of the North Queensland mining fields, and made a major contribution to the social, political and commercial development of North Queensland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Peak production was reached in the early 1900s but by 1929 gold mining at Charter Towers had almost ceased.</p><br>
<p>Early Charters Towers mining activity depended oMn the local creeks, but the demand for water grew as population and mining expanded. Charters Towers was proclaimed a town in 1877, and by the early 1880s was a prosperous settlement with a rail link to the coast opened in 1882, yet still no sanitation system or reticulated water. In dry seasons the town survived on well water, and crushing slowed at the mines. A report and estimate for a water supply scheme for Charters Towers was prepared in 1878 by the Resident Engineer for Northern Waterworks, John Baillie Henderson, but action was delayed until the very dry years 1883-85 during which time a public campaign run by Thadeus O&#39;Kane, editor of The Northern Miner, placed pressure on the government to provide an adequate water supply at Charters Towers. This campaign corresponded with a growing movement in industrialised countries for the establishment of water supply and sewerage infrastructures in urban communities.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 the Queensland Water Supply Department (established in 1881 with JB Henderson as the government Hydraulic Engineer) revived and modified the 1878 scheme. A new report was prepared but considered too expensive. Only following the 1886 speculative boom in Charters Towers did the government instruct Henderson to prepare a cheaper scheme. This was done by reducing the number of pumping stations from two to one and installing only one pumping engine initially. Water was to be pumped through a 12 inch cast-iron rising main to a circular reservoir on Tower Hill, from where it would be reticulated by gravity.</p><br>
<p>Under the Local Authority (Joint Action) Act 1886 the Burdekin Water Scheme Joint Board, drawn from members of Dalrymple Divisional Board and Charters Towers Municipal Council, was established to administer the project. Because the Board had no borrowing rights, loans of £30,200 each had to be raised through the Charters Towers Municipal Council and the Dalrymple Divisional Board, which were responsible for managing the loans.</p><br>
<p>In November 1886 a survey of the waterworks site was completed, with 7 acres reserved for the service reservoir at Tower Hill in Charters Towers, 53 acres reserved for the pipe track to town, and 742 acres at the junction of the Burdekin and Sheepstation Creek (13 kilometres northeast of Charters Towers) set aside as a water supply reserve (R.123) for the pumping station. The water supply reserve also functioned as a timber reserve to supply the wood to fuel the steam-driven pump engines, and was extended in the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>While the land survey and loans were being arranged Henderson prepared the plans and Frederick Talbot Joyce, a London trained civil engineer from Sydney, was selected as the site engineer. By early 1888 the Joint Board had placed an order with Hathorn Davey & Company of Leeds, England for a 75 horse power, inverted compound non-rotative engine coupled to a two-stage pumping system, with a capacity of 20,000 gallons per hour. The engine was designed by Henry Davey who made a significant contribution to the development of steam powered water pumping systems during the late 19th century. His differential system, applied to vertical compound engines, greatly increased the efficiency of non-rotative pumping engines and prolonged their viability as alternatives to rotating machines. Plans for the engine foundations, specifications for the assembling of engine and boilers, directions for the construction of buildings to protect them, and plans for a 60 feet high chimney arrived from Hathorn Davey in June 1888.</p><br>
<p>Despite initial progress, the project was plagued with problems and delays due to inexperience in implementing such a large project, a shortage of skilled labour, personality clashes and professional conflict between Henderson and Joyce. In mid-1888 the project ground to a halt and the Joint Board considered removing the project from the hands of the government engineers, but the loan structure prohibited this. It took intervention by the colonial secretary, Sir Thomas McIlwraith, for Henderson to abandon opposition to Joyce&#39;s plans and in June the Queensland Government approved issue of a loan so that the work could proceed.</p><br>
<p>Thomas H Mann & Co. was appointed contractor for the civil works at the pumping station, and in September 1888 F Taylor was appointed Foreman of Works and construction of the reservoir on Tower Hill commenced. Talbot Joyce prepared plans and specifications for the Charters Towers water reticulation scheme - 300,000 gallons pumped through 20 miles of pipe to service 5,000 people, with the possibility of supplying 600,000 gallons after the installation of a second engine. Thomas Tolson was granted the contract to dig the pipe trenches and build the trestle bridges across the small creeks between the pumping station at Sheepstation Creek and the town. In October 1888 Thomas Mann called tenders for making 80,000 bricks at the pumping station site, and in November the Joint Board accepted the tender of Contes and Company of London to supply pipes to the value of £22,700.</p><br>
<p>During January 1889 substantial progress was made with the civil works at the pumping station. An inlet tunnel 172 feet long to the river had been completed and was being lined with concrete and the pump shaft had been sunk to its full depth. The frame for the machinery shed at the pumping station had been constructed by Benjamin Toll, the boilers had arrived from England, and the site for the reservoir on Tower Hill had been excavated.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 conflict arose between the Dalrymple Divisional Board and the municipalities of Charters Towers, Millchester and Queenton, which were preparing to merge as one local authority, with the Divisional Board claiming that its ratepayers would have to pay higher water rates than those in the greater Charters Towers area. Disagreements over aspects of the waterworks project were common during Joint Board meetings and a violent disagreement over chairmanship of the Board in 1889 was resolved in the Supreme Court. By late February the civil works at the pumping station were nearing completion. A major difficulty arose in April 1889 when it was discovered that Hathorn Davey had sent coal-burning Lancashire boilers when specially designed wood-burning boilers had been ordered. Hathorn Davey thought it understood that Lancashire boilers were more suitable for the site because they had two flues which allowed for the burning of either coal or timber, but offered to pay for the construction of furnaces. This offer was accepted and the furnaces, built of brick by Thomas H Mann & Co, cost £180 to install.</p><br>
<p>By August 1889 the chimney was under construction and work was progressing well, when Talbot Joyce tendered his resignation following a dispute with Taylor and the contractor for the reservoir. Joyce&#39;s resignation was accepted (illegally) by the Joint Board, Taylor was sacked and a new foreman (engineer William Bolland) appointed. By October the completion of works was slowing down and Talbot Joyce was reinstated, to resign of his own accord in March 1890. William Bolland took over as site engineer, and remained Resident Engineer of the Charters Towers water supply system until well into the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>An engineer employed by Hathorn Davey was sent from London to install the pump engine in 1889-90, and a tool shed and fence round the engine site were erected. The pump commenced operation in early February 1891, although not to full capacity. By August 1891 the reticulation system was operating fully, and by December 1,036 dwellings had been connected. After some delay the colonial government approved a £3,000 loan extension for the reticulation scheme and by 1894 3,132 premises were connected.</p><br>
<p>Flooding in 1894 caused problems at the pumping station when dirty water threatened to damage the pump and the intake tunnel silted up. To overcome this problem two shafts were sunk into the river bed to a depth of 42 feet so that sand-filtered water could be procured.</p><br>
<p>During the very dry years 1895-96 the high demand for water created difficulties in keeping the pumping station working, and the decision was made to purchase a second Hathorn Davey pump engine. By late May 1896 a new engine of the same capacity (20,000 gallons per hour) had been installed. The wood supply for these engines was exhausted on the western bank, so a low level bridge across the river was erected and a tram track laid for a distance of 1? miles to tap the supply of wood on the eastern side of the Burdekin.</p><br>
<p>In January 1898 Pumping Station Provisional (later State) School opened on land excised from the Water Supply Reserve (R.123), and served the families of the resident station workers and local farmers until closed in 1936.</p><br>
<p>The 1890s had been exceptionally dry and by 1900 Queensland was experiencing the worst drought on record. The drought corresponded with a large increase in population in Charters Towers and a subsequent increase in demand for water. There were 20,000 people in the district by 1897 and the population reached a peak of 26,780 in 1900. The reticulation scheme, extended in 1894, was not able to cope with the enormous increase in demand. The introduction of water restrictions changed the face of the town which, with the introduction of water reticulation in 1891, had become noted for its beautiful gardens and cool streets.</p><br>
<p>In 1902 the Board erected a substantial weir on R.122 upstream from the pumping station. The designer and site engineer was William Bolland, and construction was completed in November 1902. At 900 feet in length, 16 feet maximum depth and capacity of 400,000,000 gallons, the new weir was exceptional in scale and design for its time, and proved to be a tourist attraction and recreational venue for Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>In the 1910s development at the pumping station included an aerial tramway (flying fox) constructed to replace the bridge across the Burdekin which was swept away in 1910/11; relocation in the creek bed of the rising main across Sheepstation Creek in 1913, eliminating on- going maintenance of the repeatedly flood-damaged trestle bridge; and in 1915-16 replacement of the Lancashire boilers with Cornish boilers purchased from the Brilliant and St George Mill and the Brilliant Central Mine. These were functioning by February 1916.</p><br>
<p>As the pump engines aged and the demand for a substantial supply of water continued, the provision of another pumping plant was discussed and a site selected up stream from the weir. However, before these plans were implemented the pressing need for water eased. By 1924 gold production at Charters Towers was on the decline, the population was falling, the demand for water had decreased and the pumps were able to meet the needs of the town. They continued in operation until 1942 when electric pumps were installed in a new shed behind the old pumps. These electric pumps remained in operation until 1975.</p><br>
<p>The 1942 installation of electric pumps was necessary because of the vast increase in population in Charters Towers and district during the lead up to the war in the Pacific. By February 1942 a Japanese invasion of Australia seemed imminent. To meet the danger, five US air bases with up to 15,000 personnel were located in the Charters Towers district. The Royal Australian Air Force and the Australian Army also had bases in the area.</p><br>
<p>After the war No 2 Hathorn Davey pump engine was used occasionally but No 1 was not used again. No 2 pump was decommissioned in 1954 and it is understood that in the 1960s the boilers were removed and sold for scrap and the engines partially dismantled. In August 1975 a new electric pumping station was built at the weir.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Burdekin River Pumping Station is located to the northeast of Charters Towers on the western bank of the Burdekin River. It is about one kilometre south of the present city weir and pumping station, on a peninsula at the junction of the Burdekin River and Sheepstation Creek. The pumping station, engineers residence, workers cottages and school were located on the north bank of the creek, which crosses the Water Supply Reserve from east to west. The school, cottages and engineer&#39;s residence are no longer extant.</p><br>
<p>The immediate site of the pump station has been fenced with a two metres high cyclone wire fence and the enclosed area has been well maintained. The ground between the creek and the bank of the river, which contains most of the remnants of the water supply system, has been kept clear of trees and larger shrubs. Some regrowth has occurred outside of this area and the creek is overgrown with vegetation. Scatters of machinery parts and building materials can be found along the banks and in the dry stream bed. Remnant pieces of machinery can be found scattered around the area close to the engines although some of these pieces have been gathered and stored to protect them from theft.</p><br>
<p>The western bank of the Burdekin River below the pumping station has become badly eroded. This erosion stems from the late 1880s when an inlet tunnel was constructed and flooding on several occasions washed away the disturbed river bank. The erosion has recently become so severe that the foundations of the steam pumps are threatened. The inlet tunnel remains although the stone work on the river bank entrance has been covered by sand. The access within the foundations of the engines remains intact.</p><br>
<p>Remnants of the aerial tramway (flying fox) foundations are located outside the fenced enclosure around the engines. Part of the tram track is visible in front of the flying fox foundations. The tracks run north-south along the river bank and finish near the engines. The chimney stands slightly northwest of the engines.</p><br>
<p>The steam engines and their foundations are relatively intact. After one hundred years the concrete steps and brickwork are deteriorating but have not yet reached a point where the security of the engines is threatened. The engines themselves are in reasonable condition, although some dismantling took place in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Behind the old engines is a fibrous cement clad building which was constructed to house the 1942 electric pumps. This building is in good condition and the electric pumps have been well maintained. To the south of the 1942 electric engine shed remnants of the rising main survive on the banks of Sheepstation Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Burdekin River Pumping Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 July 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Burdekin River Pumping Station demonstrates the substantial contribution of the late 19th century Charters Towers water supply system to the establishment of the surrounding gold fields at a critical period in the economic development of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The pumping engines are rare as they appear to be the only examples of Hathorn Davey inverted cross-compound non-rotative pumping engines surviving in the world, and are amongst the most important stationary steam engines remaining in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The site also has potential to reveal further information about late 19th century waterworks technology, layout, construction and materials.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The pumping station remains an important illustration of late 19th century waterworks technology employed at a time when local authorities in Queensland were becoming aware of the benefits of a clean, plentiful water supply to their communities. The pumping head from the Burdekin River to the service reservoir in Charters Towers of 570 feet was the highest employed in Queensland up to that time.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>They are fitted with Davey&#39;s patented differential valve gear and are valuable examples of late 19th century British technology imported to Australia, and particularly of the work of Henry Davey (1843-1928). Davey was one of the great British engineers of the late Victorian era, and had a profound impact on the development of steam water pumping technology at a time when local authorities were becoming aware of the significant benefits of a clean water supply to the health of their communities.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Burdekin River Pumping Station has a close association with the work of engineers JB Henderson and FT Joyce and their contributions to the development of Queensland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The Chiribaya culture flourished near the coast of southern Peru and adjacent Chile from 700 CE until Spanish settlement in the late 16th century. The classic phase of the Chiribaya culture was from 1000 CE until 1360 CE. The Chiribaya culture consisted of both maritime settlements along 220 km of the Pacific Ocean coast and agricultural settlements inland in valleys of the Osmore and Tambo rivers in Peru and the Lluta river and Azapa Valley in Chile.</p><br>
<p>The lower Osmore valley, one of the centers of the Chiribaya culture, has been extensively studied by archaeologists because it appears to have been colonized by both the Wari and Tihuanco empires and the later Lupaca people and the Inca Empire. These highland empires relied on the lower-altitude valleys to supply them with agricultural products such as maize and chile peppers.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The people of the Chiribaya culture lived near the Pacific Ocean in the Atacama Desert which is commonly known as the driest non-polar place in the world., The total annual precipitation at Ilo, Peru, at the mouth of the Osmore River is.1 inch. Agriculture is only possible where water from the rivers and a few springs is available for irrigation. The four rivers in the territory of the Chiribaya culture and their tributaries rise about 130 km inland in the wetter Andes at elevations of up to 5,000 m. The cold Humboldt Current offshore creates one of the world&#39;s richest marine ecosystems and supports large numbers of fish, marine mammals, and birds.</p><br>
<h2>Antecedents</h2><br>
<p>Evidence of man&#39;s presence in what would become the Chiribaya cultural area dates back to before 7,000 BCE with the Chinchorro culture, the people of which practiced mummification thousands of years before Egypt did. These early inhabitants lived on the coast and 89 percent of their subsistence came from the sea, only 6 percent came from terrestrial vegetation and 5 percent from terrestrial meat.The Chinchorro culture ended about 1100 BCE. From about 400 BCE to 300 CE, the Huaracane culture introduced agriculture to inland areas of the Osmore River region. In the centuries which followed, the area was influenced by the Wari and Tihuanacan empires who founded colonies in the Osmore valley.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rather than being a unified state under a single government, the Chiribaya area is often described as a señorío, a collection of loosely affiliated communities each headed by a local leader and resembling the manors of medieval Europe.</p><br>
<p>The Chiribaya culture is most often discussed for its relationship with "verticality"&#39; -- the practice by pre-historic Andean cultures of establishing zones of economic specialization at different altitudes to produce a wide variety of food and industrial crops. High altitude Andean cultures and civilizations established colonies at lower elevations near the Pacific Coast or in the Amazon River basin. The colonies were often not contiguous with the highland homes of the cultures, but sovereignty of the homeland over the distant colonies was retained. In the Osmore river valley, and probably in the other river valleys, there were two principal zones. The coast was inhabited by "pescadores" (fisherman); and the upland area a few miles inland mostly at elevations of 1,000 m to 2,000 m was inhabited by "labradores" (farmers) who primarily grew maize and chili peppers. The two zones traded products with each other and supplied the high altitude cultures with those same products. Llamas and alpacas were raised in both zones, probably being more important in the inland areas as the property of the cultural elites.</p><br>
<p>The fishermen living near the coast also practiced limited agriculture and pastoralism at the mouth of rivers and in the lomas (fog-oases) known to have existed near the coast both north and south of the city of Ilo.</p><br>
<p>However, verticality and the establishment of colonies by highland peoples may vary on a case to case basis. Genetic studies indicates that the Chiribaya people of the lower Osmore River Valley and nearby coast were likely intrusive— descendants in part of Wari and Tiwanaku colonists—while the Chiribaya of the Azapa Valley of Chile were more likely to be the descendants of the ancient Chinchorro culture that flourished in the same area. This suggests that the highland cultures had little direct contact with the inhabitants of the Azapa valley.</p><br>
<h2>Demise</h2><br>
<p>About 1360 CE, an uncharacteristic flood, probably caused by the El Niño Southern Oscillation, destroyed the irrigation systems and many settlements in the Osmore valley. The area was depopulated and many of the extensive irrigation works were not repaired until the arrival of Spanish colonists in the late 16th century. The Chiribaya people were probably absorbed by the Estuquiña people who lived in the upper Osmore valley. The area was also probably colonized—or came under the political control—of the Lupaca from the Lake Titicaca area and by the Incas in the 15th and early 16th century.</p><br>
<h2>Chiribaya dogs</h2><br>
<p>In 2006, archaeologists found the mummified remains of 43 dogs in a Chiribaya cemetery near Ilo. Some were buried with blankets and food. The dogs were used to herd llamas. Peruvian authorities are attempting to get international recognition of present-day Chiribaya shepherd dogs, which resemble a small Golden Retriever, as a unique breed.</p><br>
<p>The George Dyas House is a historic house located south of Bellevue, Iowa. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 101 are houses.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>This is one of three houses in the Bellevue area that feature elements of the Gothic Revival style; Spring Side and the House at 505 Court Street being the other two. The 2½-story house features coursed cut stone block with dressed stone lintels, a three bay facade on the eave side, and a projecting front gable. Another element that differentiates it from the other stone house&#39;s in the county are the long windows in the formal rooms. It originally had a wraparound porch on the south and east sides of the structure. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Dyas family were allowed to settle in this area before it was officially opened for settlement. A log cabin was built on the claim. Other family members followed in 1833, and the siblings built houses within a mile or so of the original cabin.</p><br>
<p>Rebala Heritage Reserve is a heritage conservation area in Estonia located in Jõelähtme Parish, east of Estonia&#39;s capital, Tallinn. It covers around 70 square kilometres and contains more than 300 archaeological remains most of which are prehistoric stone-cist graves and cup-marked stones. Artifacts are on display in the Rebala Heritage Reserve Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rebala Heritage Reserve is located around the village of Rebala, Harju County in northern Estonia, near the city of Tallinn. It was formed in 1987 mainly as an archaeological preservation area, and was the only protection area outside of Estonia&#39;s towns. It covers around 70 square kilometres and comprises 350 recorded archaeological sites most of which are stone-cist graves and cup-marked stones of the Bronze and Pre-Roman Iron Ages. In addition, several settlement sites and remains of ancient fields have been found here, including villages that were established in the Viking Age.</p><br>
<p>The stone-cist graves and the cup-marked stones tend to be clustered and form groupings with clear visual boundaries. The cup-marked stones are fairly large and are clearly visible on the landscape. The heritage area also includes a number of pit grave cemeteries, as well as a medieval stone chapel, a church, and a large number of old farm buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Jõelähtme burial field</h2><br>
<p>In the centre of the reserve in Jõelähtme is a burial field with 36 cist graves on display. The stone graves were covered with limestone slabs and surrounded by circular stone walls. The graves were discovered in 1985 in the course of a road extension and were moved twenty metres out of the way.</p><br>
<p>In Joelahtme, by the Narva Road, is the Rebala Heritage Reserve Museum opened in 1994. It tells the visitor about the history of Rebala area and contains displays about the ancient settlement sites and fields, together with collections of the various artefacts found.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Roling House is a historic building located northwest of Bellevue, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 101 are houses. It is similar to most of the other houses in that it is a two-story structure that follows a rectangular plan, has cut stones laid in courses, dressed stone sills and lintel, and is capped with a gable roof. This house differs from most of the others in that it is four bays wide rather than three or five. The Theodore Niemann House a mile west of this one is the oldest of the stone houses in the county, and the Roling house, built shortly after it, is very similar to it. They are similar to the Luxembourgian houses in the region in having an even number of bays, although the Roling house was not stuccoed. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Theodore Niemann House and Spring House are historic buildings located northwest of Bellevue, Iowa, United States. They are two of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 101 are houses. The residence is similar to most of the other houses in that it is a two-story structure that follows a rectangular plan, has dressed stone sills and lintels, and is capped with a gable roof. It differs from most of the others in that it is four bays wide rather than three or five, and it was stuccoed. It may have been influenced by the Luxembourgian houses in Tete Des Morts Township to the north. They have an even number of bays and are stuccoed. The small, single-story, spring house to the southeast appears to be from the same time period as the residence. It is square and capped with a hip roof. Built in 1845, the Niemann house is believed to be the oldest stone house in the county. The buildings were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>A native of Hanover, Theodore Niemann settled here in 1838. He built a log house on his property, and lived there until this house was built.</p><br>
<p>The Robb House and Spring House are historic buildings located west of Bellevue, Iowa, United States. They are two of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 101 are houses. The residence is similar to most of the other houses in that it is a two-story structure that follows a rectangular plan, a symmetrical three bay facade, and is capped with a gable roof. It differs from most of the others in that it has heavy timbers for the lintels rather than stone, and it was stuccoed. The stucco may have been influenced by the Luxembourgian houses in the region. The small, single-story, spring house appears to be from the same time period as the residence. It is square and capped with a hip roof. They are believed to have been designed for John Robb by Elbridge G. Potter, who settled along the Big Mill Creek in 1842, an area he called "Paradise Valley." The buildings were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Pollards Store is a heritage-listed department store at 18 Gill Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1930s. It was also known as Daking-Smith & Company and Fosseys Store. It is now a Target Country store. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 October 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed for Daking-Smith and Co., drapers, furnishers and boot merchants, on the former site of the old Queens Hotel which had been demolished in 1906.</p><br>
<p>Between the years 1872 and 1969 the Charters Towers field produced 6,624,683 fine ounces of gold, and the Ravenswood field for the same period, 901,007 fine ounces. Peak production in the Charters Towers&#39; mines was reached in 1899, when 319,572 fine ounces were produced. When Alfred Daking-Smith commissioned his grand department store building, the economy of Charters Towers was buoyant and robust although the output of gold was starting to decline.</p><br>
<p>Although Charters Towers already had a single-storeyed departmental drapery store owned and run by the merchant brothers Joseph and Richard Arida, Daking-Smith believed that a more modern, "genteel" shop was required for Charters Towers. He realised the commercial value of building along the lines of Melbourne and Sydney&#39;s emerging department stores, which recognised that shopping, as distinct from merely purchasing supplies, had evolved as an essentially female activity.</p><br>
<p>Between 1860 and 1920, with the industrialised worlds rising level of affluence and leisure time, the "art of shopping", once the prerogative of the wives of the wealthy, was adopted eagerly by the wives of the emerging middle classes. By the mid-19th century department stores were evolving world-wide to accommodate the rising numbers of middle class shoppers. The earliest of the "grand" department stores was Aristide Boucicauts Bon Marche, opened in Paris in 1852, followed by Macy&#39;s in New York in 1860. These provided important models, but in the Australian colonies, the department store was also the logical extension of the typical general store, drapery or ironmongery.</p><br>
<p>To complement the refined department store environment, the customer experienced a superior quality of service, the object of which was to make her feel special and confident. Often this entailed an attitude of deference, but more commonly in Australia this developed into a "cheerful, sensible, polite efficiency". Whichever method was employed, the aim was the same: to encourage spending.</p><br>
<p>At the turn of the century Charters Towers, with its multi-cultural population, was known colloquially as "The World". Its isolated geographical position, accommodating a population of approximately 30,000 in 1899, seemed to justify the erection of a substantial, modern department store to service both the residents of Charters Towers and the wealthy surrounding district.</p><br>
<p>The impressive architectural style of the Daking-Smith building was unique for a remote North Queensland town. The locally manufactured bricks were unusual in a privately commissioned building of this era and location, demonstrating that little expense was spared in the construction.</p><br>
<p>Stan Pollard commenced working at Daking-Smith & Co.s store in 1912 at the age of sixteen, however, in 1925 Daking-Smiths business was wound up and the store stood empty for a number of years. In 1928 a ten-year lease of the building was taken by the ACB company, who conducted a mail order service for a short period before becoming insolvent. During this period Stan Pollard opened his own small menswear business alongside the Daking-Smith store in Gill Street, and by 1934 was able to purchase the Daking-Smith building in partnership with John Hall.</p><br>
<p>Stan Pollard had the store remodelled, removing the floor-to-ceiling plate glass windows and using them to construct "island" display windows. This remodelling saw most of the second level removed, and the cashiers station moved to the back of the store, then later relocated to a central position. The Lamson Paragon Central Money Exchange System (a cash carrier system) was installed when Mr Pollard bought the department store in 1934 and was removed only after Fosseys moved into the premises in 1993. Stan Pollard & Company issued two catalogues a year, which not only circulated in Charters Towers, but were sent to the increasingly wealthy, outlying pastoral regions. In the early days of the store large amounts of stock were purchased, usually to last for six months at a time. Hats, dresses, sheets and all types of manchester were made on the premises, therefore huge quantities of materials were stocked upstairs. Twelve women worked in the millinery room and a similar number in the dress-making room. These women, who provided a quality service to the community, trained in the upstairs workrooms of the store where the latest styles in clothing were interpreted quickly and usually only with the aid of illustrations. The store also sold glassware, gifts and toys.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War, five American air bases, totalling 15,000 personnel, were established in Charters Towers as a defence against the perceived threat of Japanese invasion. The Royal Australian Air Force and the Australian Army were also present in the area. The extensive and sudden population increase placed heavy demands on the resources of Charters Towers. During this period the "Big Store" became a favourite shopping place for military personnel.</p><br>
<p>Stan Pollard & Co. conducted business at the "Big Store" until 16 January 1993. The building was leased to Coles Myer as a Fossey&#39;s store since August 1993. In 1996, Coles Myer rebranded it as a Target store and then as a Target Country store.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Pollards Store stands at the western end of Gill Street, near the corner of Mosman Street, in the central business district of Charters Towers. This part of the towns main street also has a number of other prominent commercial and civic buildings.</p><br>
<p>The store is a two-storeyed building with an imposing street facade constructed of locally manufactured red bricks. The parapeted gable has a curved apex, piers projecting above the parapet, a large semi-circular window located centrally and octagonal towers at each end. Below the apex is a panel with the rendered letters "D S & Co." (Daking-Smith & Co.). The brick piers divide the parapet and the window into three. The upper sashes of this window have leadlight stained glass. To each side of the window are small circular recesses in the brickwork. The octagonal towers have elongated arched openings to each face with wrought iron balustrading, flat roofs and spires. The building exhibits characteristics of the turn of the century Federation architecture expressed in a commercial building in a free interpretive style.</p><br>
<p>The gabled roof is of corrugated galvanised iron, with a vented ridge and glazed rooflight located centrally.</p><br>
<p>To the street facade is an awning extending over the footpath. Framed in timber, it has a valance and parapet of fibrous cement sheet cut to a sawtooth between the posts. At the entry to the store are island plate glass display cases with red tiled bases, brass framing and leadlight upper panels. This area has a pressed metal ceiling and cornices. Above each entry is a sign painted on the glass including "Stan Pollard & Co." at the central bay.</p><br>
<p>The sides and rear of the building are of unpainted brickwork. Also to the rear facade but smaller than that of the front is a semi-circular leadlight window. Service access to the rear is via a laneway.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has a mezzanine level around a central well, with substantial columns of steel and timber. To the underside of the mezzanine is in extensive pressed metal ceiling and cornices, with a pressed metal cladding also to the balustrade. The ceiling to the store is raked, exposing the timber roof trusses.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Pollard&#39;s Store was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 October 1996 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Pollard&#39;s Store reflects the wealth of the Charters Towers community and district during the early part of the 20th century. It is important in demonstrating the development of the Charters Towers area as a rich gold mining and pastoral district which made a significant contribution to the economic development of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Pollard&#39;s Store is a rare surviving example of an early "grand" department store which brought a new style of luxurious shopping to remote North West Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Still used as a department store, this building is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of an early 20th century department store in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building makes an important aesthetic contribution, through form, scale and materials to the Charters Towers townscape and is an important component of early civic and commercial buildings in Gill and Mossman Streets including the Stock Exchange, the former Australian Bank of Commerce, the Post Office, the former Bank of New South Wales, and the former Queensland National Bank (later City Hall).</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Charters Towers community has always regarded the place as an important component of the heritage of the city and an important local retail store which has served the needs of the community through most of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong association for the community with the life and work of Stan Pollard.</p><br>
<p>Spring Side is a historic residence located just outside of Bellevue, Iowa, United States. The house was influenced by the Gothic Revival "cottage" popularized by A.J. Davis and A.J. Downing. It is sited on a hillside overlooking a valley and the Mississippi River. The property is the source for three springs, hence its name from 1867. Constructed in 1848 for William T. Wynkoop, a local businessman, the 2½-story stone building features steeply pitched gables trimmed with wooden scroll-work vergeboard and pendants with finials, and a gabled tower with the same decorative elements and lancet arch windows. Native limestone is its primary construction material. The house originally had a wraparound porch that was removed. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Pontiac Lake is an all-sports, 640-acre Oakland County, Michigan lake along the Huron River. The lake lies primarily in White Lake Township, while a small portion of the lake lies in Waterford Township.</p><br>
<p>It is the fifth largest lake in the county.</p><br>
<p>Pontiac Lake is a public lake with a public boat launch.</p><br>
<p>The Pontiac Lake Recreation Area is located at the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pontiac Lake is a man-made lake created in 1926 when Lime Lake, a small lake in the upper Huron River watershed, was dammed. It lies about seven miles west of Pontiac, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>Since 1999, Pontiac Lake has hosted "Quake on the Lake", an annual hydroplane boat race.</p><br>
<h2>Largest Oakland County lakes</h2><br>
<p>The ten largest lakes in Oakland County are:</p><br>
<p>Cass Lake (Waterford Twp.) 1,280 acres</p><br>
<p>Kent Lake (Milford Twp.) 1,200 acres</p><br>
<p>Orchard Lake (West Bloomfield Twp.) 795 acres</p><br>
<p>Walled Lake (Commerce Twp.) 670 acres</p><br>
<p>Pontiac Lake (White Lake Twp. and Waterford Twp) 640 acres</p><br>
<p>White Lake (White Lake Twp.) 540 acres</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Lake (Waterford Twp.) 532 acres</p><br>
<p>Lake Orion (Orion Twp.) 506 acres</p><br>
<p>Lake Angelus (Auburn Hills) 477 acres</p><br>
<p>Union Lake (Commerce Twp.) 465 acres</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Pontiac Lake fish include Carp, Catfish, Crappie, Largemouth Bass, Northern Pike, Smallmouth Bass, Sunfish, Walleye and Yellow Perch.</p><br>
<p>Lake Orion is an all-sports, 506-acre lake in Orion Township in Oakland County, Michigan. It has a maximum depth of 80 feet and an average depth of 16 feet. The lake is located within the Village of Lake Orion and Orion Township. It is the eighth largest lake by area in Oakland County.</p><br>
<p>The current area of the lake was formed by a collection of smaller lakes over time, beginning with the damming of Paint Creek in the 1830s. Canals have also been dredged to maximize lake frontage.</p><br>
<p>There is a public access boat launch on the northern side of the lake. It is administered by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>There are several islands in Lake Orion, some of which feature seasonal and year-round residences. The largest islands, Bellevue and Park, are connected to the mainland by two-lane bridges and are populated year-round. Most boats can pass under the Bellevue Bridge, which has a clearance of 9.6 feet. The Park Island bridge has a lower clearance that allows only canoes, kayaks and rowboats to pass underneath. The remaining islands are reachable only by watercraft. Victoria Island is the third largest island, and is home to several seasonal and year-round homes. A smaller island, Squaw Island, was home to a single residence from the 1850s to the 1950s. Little remains of the island due to erosion save for a solitary tree, and the shallow waters can be a hazard to boaters. Sweet&#39;s Island is home to the Lake Orion Boat Club, and features a private boathouse and docks for LOBC members. Romance Island is home to a single cottage, Preston Island to two seasonal cottages, Dot Island to one seasonal cottage and Armada Island to four seasonal cottages. The residences on all islands except for Bellevue and Park require the use of watercraft to travel to and from the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Largest Oakland County lakes</h2><br>
<p>The ten largest lakes in Oakland County are:</p><br>
<p>1. Cass Lake (Waterford Twp.) 1,280 acres</p><br>
<p>2. Kent Lake (Milford Twp.) 1,200 acres</p><br>
<p>3. Orchard Lake (West Bloomfield Twp.) 795 acres</p><br>
<p>4. Walled Lake (Commerce Twp.) 670 acres</p><br>
<p>5. Pontiac Lake (Waterford Twp) 640 acres</p><br>
<p>6. White Lake (White Lake Twp.) 540 acres</p><br>
<p>7. Sylvan Lake (Waterford Twp.) 532 acres</p><br>
<p>8. Lake Orion (Orion Twp.) 506 acres</p><br>
<p>9. Lake Angelus (Auburn Hills) 477 acres</p><br>
<p>10. Union Lake (Commerce Twp.) 465 acres</p><br>
<p>White Lake is an all-sports, 540-acre lake in White Lake Township, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>It is the sixth largest lake in Oakland County, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>Potawatomi, Chippewa and Ottawa Native Americans lived, traveled and camped in this area including on the shores of White Lake which they called “white” or “clear” and that is where the name of the lake and township originated.</p><br>
<h2>Largest Oakland County lakes</h2><br>
<p>The largest lakes in Oakland County are:</p><br>
<p>Cass Lake (Waterford Twp.) 1,280 acres</p><br>
<p>Kent Lake (Milford Twp.) 1,200 acres</p><br>
<p>Orchard Lake (West Bloomfield Twp.) 795 acres</p><br>
<p>Walled Lake (Commerce Twp.) 670 acres</p><br>
<p>Pontiac Lake (Waterford Twp) 640 acres</p><br>
<p>White Lake (White Lake Twp.) 540 acres</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Lake (Waterford Twp.) 532 acres</p><br>
<p>Lake Orion (Orion Twp.) 506 acres</p><br>
<p>Lake Angelus (Auburn Hills) 477 acres</p><br>
<p>Union Lake (Commerce Twp.) 465 acres</p><br>
<p>Union Lake is an all-sports, 465-acre lake in Oakland County, Michigan, United States. The lake lies within Commerce Township. It is the tenth-largest lake and third-deepest lake in Oakland County.</p><br>
<p>Union Lake is considered one of the leading walleye fishing lakes in the state.</p><br>
<p>The lake has one public boat-launch.</p><br>
<h2>Largest and deepest Oakland County lakes</h2><br>
<p>The ten largest lakes in Oakland County are:</p><br>
<p>Cass Lake (Waterford Twp.) 1,280 acres</p><br>
<p>Kent Lake (Milford Twp.) 1,200 acres</p><br>
<p>Orchard Lake (West Bloomfield Twp.) 795 acres</p><br>
<p>Walled Lake (Commerce Twp.) 670 acres</p><br>
<p>Pontiac Lake (Waterford Twp) 640 acres</p><br>
<p>White Lake (White Lake Twp.) 540 acres</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Lake (Waterford Twp.) 532 acres</p><br>
<p>Lake Orion (Orion Twp.) 506 acres</p><br>
<p>Lake Angelus (Auburn Hills) 477 acres</p><br>
<p>Union Lake (Commerce Twp.) 465 acres</p><br>
<p>The ten deepest lakes in Oakland County are:</p><br>
<p>Lakeville Lake is an all-sports, 460-acre Oakland County, Michigan lake located in the northeast part of the county in Addison Township. The lake is 68 feet deep and is one of the largest lakes in Oakland County.</p><br>
<p>The all-sports lake has a public boat launch.</p><br>
<h2>Largest Oakland County lakes</h2><br>
<p>The largest lakes in Oakland County are:</p><br>
<p>Cass Lake (Waterford Twp.) 1,280 acres</p><br>
<p>Kent Lake (Milford Twp.) 1,200 acres</p><br>
<p>Orchard Lake (West Bloomfield Twp.) 795 acres</p><br>
<p>Walled Lake (Commerce Twp.) 670 acres</p><br>
<p>Pontiac Lake (Waterford Twp) 640 acres</p><br>
<p>White Lake (White Lake Twp.) 540 acres</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Lake (Waterford Twp.) 532 acres</p><br>
<p>Lake Orion (Orion Twp.) 506 acres</p><br>
<p>Lake Angelus (Auburn Hills) 477 acres</p><br>
<p>Union Lake Commerce Twp. 465 acres</p><br>
<p>Lakeville Lake (Addison Twp.) 460 acres</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Lakeville Lake fish include panfish, bass, northern pike and walleye.</p><br>
<p>Day Dawn mine remains is a heritage-listed mine ruins at Paull Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1891 to 1913. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Day Dawn Block and Wyndham Mine, 1904</p><br>
<p>The Day Dawn PC No. 3 mine was a part of the Day Dawn Prospecting Claim which was the first lode mine to turn out £1,000,000 worth of gold in Queensland. This took place in 1898.</p><br>
<p>Discovered in late 1871, Charters Towers became the richest of the North Queensland mining fields. The field was proclaimed a town in 1877, and by the early 1880s was a prosperous settlement which made a major contribution to the social, political and economic development of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The original Day Dawn P.C. was taken up by a group of German miners and was the first to give Charters Towers a good start. The ground was first worked in 1874 and was for many years a "stringer". In the hands of Frederick Pfeiffer and his partners Christian and Levers, the wealth of the Day Dawn Reef at a depth of 200 ft was found in 1878. All at once the stone came in 4 ft thick of 3 oz stuff. The reef widened as far as 20 ft and occasionally went to 5 oz to the ton. The Day Dawn PC ranked as the fifth largest producer on the Charters Towers goldfield with 275,128 tons crushed for a return of 379,859 oz of gold. From 1902 onwards the returns grew less. The mine was closed in 1913.</p><br>
<p>In June 1887 the mine was sold to an English company for £470,000 and used the name Day Dawn P. C. Gold Mining Company. Returns for the first five years (1887 to 1891) were 120,722 oz of gold with total dividends of £155,000.</p><br>
<p>The Day Dawn PC No. 3 mine was put down as a vertical shaft by this new English owner some time around 1891 to work the eastern portion of the Day Dawn Claim, which had increased in size from 24 to over 55 acres. It was sunk to cut the Eastward Ho reef and to prospect a big portion of the Rainbow Flat. The original Day Dawn PC together with the No. 2 to the west were underlie shafts. To the east the No. 4 was put down some time after. In 1897 No. 3 shaft turned out 9,500 tons for 15,000 oz.</p><br>
<p>Gold Production for the Day Dawn PC from 1881- 1913 was 75,128 tons of ore raised for a return of 379,859 oz and dividends returning £638,00. It was the goldfield&#39;s 5th mine in terms of value of output.</p><br>
<p>When in use the shaft was in three compartments. In 1898 it is known the vertical descent of the shaft was 868 ft with two underlies going north east and north west. The total depth at the time was 1078 ft. The capital brace was 40 feet high and was quite distinctive with a long raised walkway to the east. The head frame was an open timber structure. In 1897 The North Queensland Register listed the equipment on the surface to include a 430-ton hopper, a stone breaker, a 28 hp engine, two air compressors, two robey boilers, six rock drills and an underground air machine.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The shaft is open and well defined behind a chain wire safety fence (14m x 14m) that was erected in the late 1960s by the Charters Towers City Council. A temporary wire chain safety fence has been placed on the eastern side presumably to render safe this side from subsidence. The shaft is open and intact. 50 metres to the south-west is a brick magazine. Substantial foundations for mine machinery associated with the mine lie to the north. The Day Dawn PC No. 4 is in evidence to the east as has a temporary safety fence around it. The USL on which the shaft lies is heavily grassed and is generally clear of other built or natural features.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Day Dawn PC No.3 Shaft mine remains was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Mine Remains at the Day Dawn PC No. 3 shafts are located on what was one of Australias most productive gold fields and reflects the importance of the mining industry to the development of North Queensland. In association with other surviving mining sites, the place has the ability to demonstrate the pattern of Queenslands mining history. The remains of the Day Dawn PC No. 3 along with the machinery mounts, powder magazine, and water tank are the few tangible remains of the Day Dawn era of mining on the Towers. The original Day Dawn PC and the No. 2 shafts have been destroyed. However the vista of the Day Dawn ridge with Frederick Pfeiffer&#39;s villa residence still intact in nearby Paull Street coupled to the outline of the tramway that connected these mines to the Excelsior Mill provides evidence of the nature and scope of mining activity that permeated most aspects of life in Charters Towers from 1872 to 1918.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>These remains of surface infrastructure and their surrounding cultural landscapes have the potential to yield information about the nature and scope of mining activity during this period.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers mine shafts are a heritage-listed group of mine shafts and ruins at Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1883 to 1916. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>These eight vertical mine shafts are to be found amongst the suburban streets of Charters Towers and were developed during the period of intense gold mining that occurred on the Charters Towers Goldfield from 1872 to 1917. During this forty-five-year period, Charters Towers became one of the most important goldfields in Queensland, and in Australia, attracting heavy investment interest from overseas companies. At its peak it accounted for more than a third of Queensland&#39;s entire gold production. The success of the goldfield led to the permanent establishment of the town of Charters Towers and had a major impact on the continued settlement of North Queensland and the economy of Queensland as a whole.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered at the foot of Towers Hill in late 1871 and in August 1872 the Charters Towers Goldfield was officially proclaimed. There was little alluvial gold at Charters Towers, the major payable gold to be found in downward sloping reefs of gold-bearing ore. Gold mining in Charters Towers was characterised by deep underlie shafts with levels striking the various reefs that ran through the field. Vertical shafts were also a feature of the goldfield however not as common as the underlie shafts. (There are approximately 200 km of mine shafts under Charter Towers.)</p><br>
<p>Because Charters Towers Goldfield was a reefing field it required capital and equipment for its development. Underground mining of this nature led to the development of more stable settlements as opposed to some of the fleeting settlements that developed and then disappeared around short-lived alluvial gold fields.</p><br>
<p>The gold mining leases (GMLs) that were taken up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries covered the entire area of Charters Towers in a patchwork fashion. Mining companies who held the leases would often sink several shafts on their land to cut the reefs, with unsuccessful prospecting being a common aspect of mining as well as the spectacular successes.</p><br>
<p>A heightened phase of prosperity was entered when the great wealth of the Day Dawn Reef was discovered in 1878. It was to become one of the highest producers of gold on the Charters Towers field. Charters Towers boomed throughout the 1880s, overshadowing all other mining centres in North Queensland. Increased speculation was triggered by the floating of companies on the London stock market from 1886 following a display of Charters Towers Gold at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London in 1885 and changes to investment law. British investors poured wealth into Charters Towers during this period providing the capital which gave rise to the substantial nature of the city and the continued large scale mining.</p><br>
<p>By 1886, thirty-three shafts had been sunk to below the 152m-level and gold production had doubled since 1883. In 1889 the famous Brilliant Reef, the richest on the field, was discovered and Charters Towers continued to prosper throughout the depressed economy of the 1890s with its peak production of 319,572 ounces of gold in 1899, and the population peaking to approximately 27,000 in 1900. The great numbers of wage-earning miners employed by the mining companies in Charters Towers also created an environment conducive to the growth of an industrial union which made a vital contribution to the Queensland labour movement.</p><br>
<p>Charters Towers was so full of confidence during its peak that its inhabitants referred to it as "The World". No other mining town in North Queensland came close to its prosperity and diversity.</p><br>
<p>The early 20th century was marked by a steady decline in gold production. Menghetti suggests that "... already an unhealthy amount of the return was coming from the re-treatment of the residues with the cyanide process which had arrived in Charters Towers in 1892". In the three years after 1910 the number of employed miners on the field fell from 2,631 to 985. Government subsidies were granted to some mines for further exploration, however this yielded little and the population of Charters Towers began to drift away.</p><br>
<p>Most mines had been abandoned by 1916 with the last of the big mines, the Brilliant Extended, closing down in 1917. By the end of this peak gold mining period, Charters Towers Goldfield had produced about 7 million ounces of gold.</p><br>
<p>Throughout World War I, most of the infrastructure around the mines (e.g. headframes, poppet heads and machinery) was dismantled for recycling purposes during the war effort. In many cases the infrastructure was simply moved to new mines.</p><br>
<p>During the 1960s the Charters Towers City Council constructed fences around the remaining mine shafts. In recent years a program of capping many old mine shafts has been in place. The Department of Natural Resources and Mines currently maintain the mineshafts.</p><br>
<h3>Day Dawn Block and Wyndham</h3><br>
<p>The Day Dawn Block and Wyndham Company worked three shafts on the Day Dawn reef continuously from 1883 to 1912 and was one of the three great mines on the Day Dawn lode. It had the greatest yield of any mine on the Charters Towers goldfield: 589,531 tons of ore was raised for 546,531 oz of gold. The mine was situated on Gold Mining Leases 1807, 1808, & 1809 on an area of 100 acres.</p><br>
<p>Tom Mills took up the Day Dawn Block in 1880 to complement his lease on the Wyndham mine alongside in the west. This "Block" lease, as it was known, was forfeited and then taken up by J. Malone and A. Young who formed the Day Dawn Block Company and started a vertical shaft to cut the Day Dawn lode. Litigation over this lease instituted by Mills against the company resulted in a compromise where the Wyndham lease was amalgamated with the Day Dawn Block and the Day Dawn Block and Wyndham Company was formed in 1882. The No. 1 shaft was on the former Day Dawn Block lease and was on the eastern boundary of the Day Dawn Block and Wyndham lease. In June 1883 a straight shaft was sunk and it cut the Day Dawn reef at 475 ft. The Northern Mining Register Christmas Number of 1891 said, "Never before in the history of the field or perhaps in Australia, has a block shaft bottomed on such a show" The shaft was a small one but from it between the walls was taken 32 tons of stone which yielded 187 oz 16dwt 6gr (of gold).&#39; (P.51). By 1897 the No.1 shaft was abandoned.</p><br>
<p>The No. 2 shaft was an underlie shaft and was sited on the original Wyndham lease on the eastern side of Upper Mosman Street.</p><br>
<p>The No.3 shaft in the west was a vertical shaft to a depth of 560 ft. An underlie shaft then followed the lode and intersected a shoot at a depth of 1,200 ft. It was when this shaft was connected to the No.2 shaft at the No. 14 level that rock drills were first used with success on the goldfield: The North Queensland Registers Mining History of Charters Towers remarked that... the ground was terrifically hard and the contractor Mr Beith, lost money.&#39;</p><br>
<p>In 1886 the mine was sold to a British company which in 1897 had paid- up capital of £500,000. The three mines were connected by tramway to the main rail line where the ore was transported to the company&#39;s mill at Selheim. (The mill at Selheim is extant). This was 14 miles to the east on the Burdekin where 60 head of stamps made it the largest reducing plant of the goldfield. In 1900 the company employed 225 men.</p><br>
<p>With reserves depleted, work started on the Talisman reef with reasonable returns from 1904 to 1906. There was a gradual decline and the company entered voluntary liquidation in 1909 with tributors working the mine until it closed in 1912.</p><br>
<h3>Day Dawn Freehold Extended</h3><br>
<p>This shaft was identified as part of the Day Dawn Freehold Extended Mine on Jack, Rand and Maitland&#39;s map of 1898. It was sunk at the western end of the Day Dawn reef and in 1898 had a vertical depth of 1079 ft.</p><br>
<p>From the early days of the goldfield nothing payable was found on the surface in this vicinity. Around 1887 the Day Dawn Consols Company, with shares principally held in Melbourne, was floated to prospect the area at greater depth. A two-chamber shaft was sunk to a depth of 500 ft at the southern end of the common boundary of the company&#39;s two leases, GML 1685 & 1684 comprising 25 acres. Soon after the ground was virtually abandoned.</p><br>
<p>The Day Dawn Freehold Extended Gold Mining Company was floated locally around 1896-97 to take over the rights and the machinery of the first company. The company had capital of £50,000 in 100,000 shares at 10/- each. The new company sank a shaft cutting the Day Dawn reef at 1,100 ft. It was then taken to 1,250 ft with an underlie shaft opened and sunk a further 50 ft. The No.1 west level was driven 550 ft with only poor stone being found. The No.1 East level was driven 495 ft with two levels being opened and fair quality ore being reported in 1897.</p><br>
<p>In 1898 the mine was taken over by the Dawn Gold Mines on GMLs 1882, 1883 & 2052 on over 69 acres with capital of £100,000. Prospecting work was undertaken on the Talisman reef from 1905 to 1907 without success, followed by the acquisition of the Wallis Day Dawn lease to the west in 1910 which also failed to produce payable ore. The mine was closed in 1911.</p><br>
<h3>Plant's Day Dawn</h3><br>
<p>Plant&#39;s Day Dawn Gold Mines Ltd held land north of the Day Dawn Block and Wyndham lease on GMLs 1702 & 1703 on an area of 50acres. In 1902 a deep shaft was sunk to cut the Day Dawn reef. The shaft reached a depth of 1,200 ft by 1906, after which work was ceased.</p><br>
<p>This shaft is associated with Edmund Plant the influential mining magnate of Charters Towers who was responsible for the construction of the Venus Battery and Thornburgh House and is credited with making a major contribution to the industry and life of Charters Towers.</p><br>
<h3>Brilliant Deeps</h3><br>
<p>According to the Sydney Mail of 17 August 1895, The most important event of the past ten years from a Charters Towers point of view was the striking of what is now known as the Brilliant Reef...(p337). The discoveries on the Brilliant Reef ensured the field&#39;s survival during the depression of the 1890s and in the excitement that followed the discovery the Charters Towers Stock Exchange was reconstructed, opening for business in Mosman Street in 1890.</p><br>
<p>Numerous mines developed to exploit the Brilliant Reef in the Queenton area of Charters Towers lying to the east of the city. The Brilliant Deeps shaft was sunk on a 31-acre gold mining lease. It was taken up in 1891 as the Brilliant Extended Block when the company sunk a three compartment vertical shaft to over 2,000 ft in depth.</p><br>
<p>Because of a lack of capital, the company was reconstituted in 1896 as the Brilliant Deep Levels Gold Mining Company. The shaft was then carried to 2,250 ft where the lode was intersected, but it was not payable. An explosion of dynamite of Christmas Day 1896 damaged the shaft collar throwing 30 men out of work. An underlie shaft had been driven to 2,615 ft but no payable ore was found and operations were suspended in 1904 due to difficulty in ventilating the shafts.</p><br>
<p>Until 1907, returns from the Brilliant Deeps shaft were minimal. From 1897 to 1899 a mere 69 oz of gold was produced and from 1900 to 1907 there were no returns at all.</p><br>
<p>In 1907 the company was reconstituted as the Brilliant Deeps Ltd and the western ground was prospected with greater success when the "hanging wall" reef was struck in the No.2 west level and from 1908 regular crushings were obtained. In 1911 the "footwall" reef was found in extending the No.4 level west at a depth of 2,811 ft. In 1914 the "hanging wall" workings were connected to the Brilliant Block workings for ventilation purposes.</p><br>
<p>From 1908 to 1916, 22,843 oz were returned making it a mediocre producer. The Brilliant Deeps was the mine with the deepest vertical descent on the Charters Towers Goldfield.</p><br>
<p>Prospecting has been resumed on this site with the Charters Towers Gold Mining Company digging immediately adjacent to the old shaft, aiming for the reserves on the Brilliant Reef which are reputed to still lie beneath.</p><br>
<h3>Queen Cross Extended</h3><br>
<p>While many of the mines in Charters Towers experienced a gradual decline after the turn of the century, one last rich find was made in 1902 with the discovery of the New Queen Cross Reef. In 1902, GML 1913, then named the East Victoria, was surveyed to the east of the Victoria and Queen reefs. By 1905 it was renamed the Queen Cross Extended and comprised 25 acres of land. It was at this time that the shaft for the Queen Cross Extended Mine was sunk on this lease. Returns from the mine were first reported in late 1905 with July&#39;s crushings giving a yield of 51 tons of ore for 19oz 15dwt. The amount of ore raised was very small and the mine was soon closed. As the history of neighbouring mines would indicate, this mine probably held no great promise for high returns.</p><br>
<h3>New Queen Central</h3><br>
<p>The New Queen Central Mining Company operated from 1892 to 1916 with very little success. Two vertical shafts were sunk on GML 1602 and five reefs were worked including the Just-in-time, "Old" Queen Cross, &#39;New Queen Cross, Victory and the Brilliant but even though other surrounding mines had rich pay shoots, very little ore extended onto this ground.</p><br>
<p>The No.2 shaft was at the eastern boundary of the lease and cut the Just-in-Time reef at 600 ft and the "New" Queen Cross reef at 846 ft at which depth levels were driven with little success. The vertical shaft was continued with formations being opened up at 1,453 ft (approximating the Brilliant reef) and1868ft.</p><br>
<p>By 1916 the company held GMLs 2478 and 2483 and had raised 7 626 tons of ore with a yield of 8,157 oz of gold and dividends of £1500. The mine closed in June 1916.</p><br>
<h3>St George and Moonstone</h3><br>
<p>In 1917 Reid reported this shaft as that of the St George and Moonstone Gold Mining Company on GML 2457. This shaft was sunk in 1915, subsidised by the government to 798 ft, intending to intersect the Moonstone reef.</p><br>
<p>The Moonstone reef was one of the earliest to be worked in Charters Towers on the southern side of Towers Hill in 1872. In the 1890s Millets Wellington, which was an amalgam of claims on the Wellington and Madeline reefs, dominated mining activity on this side of the hill with the Moonstone reef on the higher ground to the north being worked by various "Moonstone" companies. When Maitland carried out his survey in 1898, the Havelock Block on GML 1509 to the north of Millets Wellington, was abandoned giving some suggestion that prior to 1898, the St George and Moonstone Shaft was on a claim previously taken up to work the Havelock Reef.</p><br>
<p>The prospecting in 1915 was unsuccessful and operations were suspended and the mine was closed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Day Day Block and Wyndham No 1 Shaft</h3><br>
<p>The shaft is located close to the western side of Upper Deane Street, on vacant land. It is surrounded by a 10m x 6m chain wire safety fence and is visible from the street. The shaft opening is 3m across with a predominantly rock collar. The eastern and northern side of the shaft openings however, show some small evidence of collapse in recent times. The ground within the fence is lightly grassed and free of debris. There are no other mine remains in evidence but evidence of the tramway which connected this, the No.2 and no.3 shafts of the Day Block and Wyndham Co. to the main railway lines lies beside the shaft.</p><br>
<h3>Day Day Block and Wyndham No 3 Shaft</h3><br>
<p>The shaft, machinery foundations and mullock heaps are located on vacant land on the eastern side of Stubley Street and are visible from the road. The area is accessed by a drivable track off Stubley Street, diagonally opposite Day Street.</p><br>
<p>The shaft is open and well defined behind a 12m x 13m chain wire safety fence erected in the 1960s by the City Council. The vertical shaft has a rock collar and is claimed to have a vertical depth of 568 ft. Within the fence there are the remains of two of the mine&#39;s head frame leg footings.</p><br>
<p>The fenced area of the shaft is flanked on either side by small mullock heaps which rise to high ground behind the shaft.</p><br>
<p>Opposite the shaft, (across the track) are the remains of large concrete and brick, machinery and building foundations. Slightly to the west of these large foundations is a large rectangular concrete slab close to the curb of Stubley Street.</p><br>
<p>Houses sit close to this area on the northern side.</p><br>
<h3>Day Dawn Freehold Extended</h3><br>
<p>The shaft is located at the southern end of Oxford Street on vacant land. Access can also be gained by Faull Street, (a dirt track), off Cambridge Street.</p><br>
<p>The vertical shaft sits directly behind a house and is open and well defined within a chain wire safety fence 18m x 18m. The entrance to the shaft is very wide and overgrown and is claimed to have a vertical depth of 1,185 ft. Three of the mine&#39;s concrete footings for the head frame legs are visible inside the fence.</p><br>
<p>Across the track, opposite the shaft are the concrete and brick remains of a settling pond. Some small mullock heaps are visible to the east of this structure and a large excavation is in evidence further again to the east.</p><br>
<p>A natural ridge runs east west to the south of this area.</p><br>
<h3>Plant's Day Dawn</h3><br>
<p>The shaft is located near the corner of Marion and Oxford Streets in Charters Towers and consists of a fenced shaft with some small concrete slab foundations around the outside of the fence.</p><br>
<p>An altered landscaped in the form of a small plateau towards the Elizabeth Street side of the block with minor concrete foundations in the escarpment, could also be associated with the former mine site, possibly where the machinery and auxiliary buildings stood.</p><br>
<p>The shaft has a concrete cover and is in meed of some repair. A conical concrete footing structure lies on the ground inside the fence.</p><br>
<h3>Brilliant Deeps</h3><br>
<p>The shaft and foundations of surface infrastructure are on land in between Anne and Park Streets with access via Park Street. Of significance here is the shaft, with the remnants of a brick exhaust chimney on the rim of the shaft, and the large concrete and brick remains of machinery and building foundations. The shaft is open and well defined to a depth of 2,552 ft and is enclosed by a 14m x 14m chain wire safety fence. The land surrounding the shaft is flat with no evidence of mullock heaps.</p><br>
<p>On the eastern side of the shaft is a new mine currently being worked by Charters Towers Gold Mines.</p><br>
<p>Housing surrounds the land on which the two mines sit.</p><br>
<h3>Queen Cross Extended</h3><br>
<p>The mineshaft and brick machinery foundations are located on vacant land at the top of Gladstone Road, at the junction of Arthur Jones Avenue. Access is gained by Deanes Street which manifests itself as a dirt track running through scrubby terrain behind a residential area. The site is not visible from the road but is accessible.</p><br>
<p>The shaft is wide with no evidence of a rock collar and does not appear to be of great depth. It is enclosed in a 14m x 14m chain wire safety fence. Directly opposite the shaft on the western side are the reasonably small foundations of the mine machinery constructed entirely of brick.</p><br>
<h3>New Queen Central</h3><br>
<p>The shaft and infrastructure remains are located on vacant land bounded in part by Sayers Street to the south, Norman Dungavell Dr to the east, and Cross Street to the west. The site lies nearest to the southeast corner of the lot and is accessed by Sayers Street. The shaft and remaining infrastructure are visible from the street.</p><br>
<p>The shaft is open and well defined behind a chain wire fence of 14m x 14m. It is vertical to a depth of 1,900 ft. Two poppet head footings stand outside the fence on the north and south sides and minimal concrete foundations are in evidence on the other sides of the fence.</p><br>
<p>Opposite the shaft, towards Sayers Street, are the remains of brick and concrete machinery foundations, the largest structure being in the centre with a concrete slab on the eastern side and a smaller brick structure on the western side. Another concrete slab lies between the shaft and the foundations on the western side.</p><br>
<h3>St George and Moonstone</h3><br>
<p>The shaft is located on the southern side of Towers Hill with access via Chloride Street. The shaft lies at the intersection of upper Chloride Street and Percy Street but as both of these streets are unformed, access to the shaft is through open bush commencing from the private road to the Microwave Repeater Station. The shaft itself is open and well defined behind a chain wire safety fence (14m x 14m). The opening to the shaft is 6m x 4m wide and is filled with water to approximately 1.5m from the surface. Within the fence there are the remains of one of the mine&#39;s head frame leg footings, and outside the fence on the eastern side are some small mullock heaps. Remains of concrete foundations are found scattered around the shaft, but none are intact.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Charters Towers Mine Shafts were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The mineshafts and their surrounding remains are important in demonstrating the development of the mining industry in Queensland. They reflect the immense gold mining activity that occurred in Charters Towers from 1872 to 1917, which saw it become the second largest city in Queensland during this time period and the third largest gold field in Australia. Gold from Charters Towers made a powerful contribution to the economic development of Queensland and the settlement patterns of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>From the hundreds of mines that were active in Charters Towers during its peak, these eight mineshafts and their surrounding remains are among the few tangible links left to the mining activity that was so prevalent in a town which had a substantial impact on Queensland&#39;s development.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The mine shafts, the remaining foundations of surface infrastructure and their surrounding cultural landscapes have the potential to yield information about the nature and scope of mining activity which dominated life in Charters Towers from 1872 - 1917. As a group, the mineshaft sites give an insight as to how the town of Charters Towers developed in the midst of massive gold mining operations.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The eight mineshafts and the remaining infrastructures surrounding them are good examples of mines and vertical shafts developed for deep reef gold mining during the period.</p><br>
<p>Einasleigh Copper Mine and Smelter is a heritage-listed mine at Daintree Road, Einasleigh, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1867 to 1922. It is also known as Lynd Copper Mine and New Einasleigh Copper Mine. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 December 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Einasleigh Mine and Smelter is located in Etheridge Shire, some 360 kilometres from Cairns. The site is an area of around 4 ha, situated 1 kilometre north of Einasleigh Township, on the west bank of the Copperfield River at its junction with the Einasleigh River. It is located about 500 metres north of the Copperfield Gorge.</p><br>
<p>Australia&#39;s copper industry was in its infancy when Richard Daintree discovered the copper deposit near the basalt wall at the head of the Copperfield River watershed in 1867. He secured a freehold title over 120 acres. The lode was stripped by open-cut where it protruded from the river bank and 31 tons picked ore was sent to smelters at Cockle Creek for a return of 22% copper with 3 ounces of silver and 12 dwt of gold per ton.</p><br>
<p>Although located adjacent to the confluence of the Copperfield and the Einasleigh Rivers this mine was initially known as the Lynd Copper Mine as Daintree believed that the adjacent river was the Lynd River.</p><br>
<p>The Lynd Mine was a small operation. According to one account a shaft was sunk in 1867 and "a drive at the 30-ft level showed the lode to be 23 feet in width and to consist of spongy metallic copper." Daintree and his partner William Hann worked the mine in a "desultory fashion" for a few years but by 1898 the site was reported as deserted by surveyor Robert Logan Jack.</p><br>
<p>By 1900 the mine was back in production when William Woodhead from Broken Hill acquired freehold title and floated it publicly. Now known as Einasleigh Freehold Copper Mines Ltd, development of the mine began with a new shaft sunk to 61 metres. A new headframe was erected, along with a 24m-boiler stack and gantry. Machinery including winding gear and a water-jacket blast furnace at a cost of 12,517 pounds was brought from Mareeba. The smelter&#39;s furnace was blown-in in 1901 but the operation was soon closed down because of the siliceous nature of the ore, transportation costs and the high cost of fuel. Prior to the opening of the Chillagoe rail line in 1910, fuel for the smelters was brought in by camel trains.</p><br>
<p>The mine reopened in 1906 as the New Einasleigh Copper Mine, a subsidiary of the Chillagoe Company. Number 3 level was developed in 1908 and 50 men were employed on the mine site. Employee numbers doubled in 1909 to 105 men and productivity leapt to an impressive 10,913 tons of ore.</p><br>
<p>The isolation of the mine again made the operation marginal. All supplies had to come either 462 km overland from Townsville or via Cairns for 192 km along the Chillagoe line to Almaden, and then carted by bullock team another 190 km to the mine. Coke, which was vital for smelting cost from 12 to 14 pounds to land at the mine and limestone had to be carted for over 48 km. After treating 860 tons of ore, smelting was abandoned even though 191 tons of copper matte had been produced.</p><br>
<p>The mines on the Chillagoe field had proved inadequate even to keep the smelter supplied, let alone make a profit, and it became increasingly urgent that the Chillagoe Company obtain ore supplies elsewhere. In 1907 construction began on a railway to the Etheridge field, principally to bring ore from the Einasleigh mine and tap known copper deposits around Charleston (later Forsayth). Once the railway was opened in 1910 Einasleigh ore could be railed directly to Chillagoe.</p><br>
<p>The opening of the new Etheridge railway to Forsayth in 1910 allowed for the daily transportation of ore to Chillagoe as the route passed by the Einasleigh Mine. This boosted development of the site: new offices and houses were built. The main shaft was extended to 119m and worked from 4 levels by 87 men, while a further 30 men were employed above ground. A change-house with a concrete floor was erected. Machinery was upgraded, including a new Babcock and Wilcox boiler, and construction of a concentrating plant large enough to deal with the expected 150 tons of ore a day, was started.</p><br>
<p>By 1911 ore production was not meeting expectations and the Chillagoe Company bought out the mine from its subsidiary and installed an Elmore flotation unit. Until the invention of the floatation process, the extraction of metal depended upon being able to handpick the material in order to be economical.</p><br>
<p>The flotation process depends on the properties of minerals surfaces and the manner in which they differ in the degree by which their surfaces can be wetted. It takes best advantage of such differences by suitable choice of the solution. Ore is first ground to a powder, which is introduced to a series of tanks (known as flotation cells) holding a solution containing oils. This solution is constantly agitated and air is pumped through. In the resulting froth the particles of copper minerals adhere to the raft of air bubbles on the surface, while the majority of worthless rock (gangue) sinks. The material is skimmed from the surface froth.</p><br>
<p>Lionel Clive Ball, assistant government geologist, deemed the installation of the floatation unit a "complete failure". Mine development continued in an unsystematic manner and the quality of the ore produced declined. Untreated ore was sent direct to the Companys smelter, 120 miles away, and in 1911 the Company had to reduce railway freight on ore by 50% to keep the mine working. This seemingly uneconomical and inefficient practice was, according to Ball, due to the Mines small reserves and the great expense of erecting smelters at Einasleigh. The Chillagoe Companys motives were largely due to its need for the Etheridges ore and railway revenue, and to further open up the Etheridge field. Whatever the case, by 1913 the Einasleigh Mine was the main supplier of copper ore to the Chillagoe Smelters.</p><br>
<p>Development of the mine continued to progress throughout 1913 in most levels of the mine and the mineshaft was being extended. Below ground, No. 1 level (120 ft) extended beneath the river and was stulled to reduce the risk of ingress from the river. No. 2 level (170 ft) had various drives linked to the south shaft and included the "Big Stope" (120 ft long and up to 40 ft wide) below this level with copper contents as high as 10%. No. 3 level (269.5 ft) had five almost continuous stopes in one formation. The ore-bodies at No. 4 level were below payable limit and at No. 5 level (482 ft) the "Big ore-body" was 300 ft distant from the shaft. No. 6 level (582 ft) was under development.</p><br>
<p>The Chillagoe Smelters closed in February 1914 along with the Einasleigh Mine.</p><br>
<p>In 1919 the Queensland Government took over the Chillagoe Smelter and reopened the Einasleigh Mine under the terms of the Chillagoe and Etheridge Railways Purchase Act of 1918, at a cost of 100,000 pounds. By December it was at full output, providing three-quarters of the copper ore treated at the smelters thereby keeping the Chillagoe Smelters going. By 1920 the mine employed 100 men and was producing 450 - 500 tons of copper ore per week. However, the drop in metal prices in 1920 from 120 pounds to 72 pounds per ton, and the drain on the mine&#39;s reserves, led to the mine being closed in 1922.</p><br>
<p>At this time the whole of the Chillagoe Field, the Chillagoe Smelter and mining operations generally in State-owned enterprises were losing considerable amounts of money. The Smelter was closed in 1927 due to inadequate ore supplies, but was reopened in 1929 as a means of relieving unemployment. Mining on the Etheridge as a whole generally declined after this time despite the reopening of the Chillagoe Smelter. While other mines on the Etheridge were rejuvenated periodically after this time, no attempts to mine the Einasleigh occurred until the early 1970s. This was due to the heavy depletion of its reserves in the 1920s by the Chillagoe Smelters.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s Combined Mining and Exploration N.L conducted operations at the Einasleigh Mine to reinitiate earlier mining works. By the end of 1970 the Mine had produced 134,257 tons of ore returning 8,107 tons of copper (overall grade 6.04%), 131,284 oz of silver (0.98oz per ton), and 22,288 oz of gold (0.34 dwt per ton). Maximum staffing during this period was 16 employees, and a manager, W.J. Collins.</p><br>
<p>Development of the mine by Combined Mining and Exploration was undertaken over a 13-month period from October 1970 to November 1971, including "mine rehabilitation and exploration" and activities which were regarded as rectifying the site. Due to more stringent occupational health and safety measures much of the site had to be upgraded to comply with safety standards. Where suitable foundations were already present from previous operations, structures were built over the top, thus reusing existing infrastructure.</p><br>
<p>During the early part of 1971 activities included the installation of bearers for an air winch, installation of 3,000 ft of polythene plastic water liner to work as a reticulation system for the camp, and a concrete floor for the power house being poured to the south of the main shaft and an area cleared for a garage/workshop. The workshop/storeroom area was completed and an ablution block was adapted from concrete engine beds remaining from previous operations. Mullock, soil and oxidised material were spread over much of the site during this time to provide a safer working surface. Mullock was also spread out between the main shaft and river, covering the Daintree shaft mouth.</p><br>
<p>In February 1971 the steel tripod was put over the main shaft, and in March a tramway was installed between the main shaft and the river bank. A flat-top trolley was acquired to run on the railway.</p><br>
<p>In June 1971, a new steel headframe was built over the shaft collar with a cross head made up to run in the main shaft. It is not known what the cross head was supporting. The air winch was repositioned and a winch house almost directly west of the main shaft was made. Extra timber and lagging was placed at the entrance of the mine shaft due to fears of falling rocks. Safety concerns also led to replacement of the old pulley-sheave with a new gin-wheel. Ladder ways and timbering in the shafts were substantially upgraded as most had split due to water logging. Most of the metal infrastructure such as pipe work and bolts had corroded due to their long period of saturation, and were replaced.</p><br>
<p>From March to November 1971, the mine was continuously dewatered in stages, ultimately down to 700 ft, No. 6 level. Water samples taken from 300 ft showed very low copper content, and when "two diamond- drill holes directed to intersect the main ore body at approximately 700 ft failed to intersect o,re," operations at the mine ceased.</p><br>
<p>In 2006 an area including the site of the former Einasleigh Mine was leased by Copper Strike Ltd to develop a new mine. In December 2011, Copper Strike sold its Einasleigh Project to Kagara Limited for AU$16million and Kagara&#39;s 22.6 million shares in Copper Strike. Kagara sold the Einasleigh Project to Snow Peak Mining in January 2013. Snow Peak Mining owns a major stake in Consolidated Tin Mines Limited, which is undertaking exploratory activity in Einasleigh in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Einasleigh Copper Mine site is a mix of very early workings and those of the exploration crews in the 1970s and the past year or so. Concrete engine mounts, the mill, a slag "floor", ore dumps, steel framed sheds and evidence of the change rooms and toilets from the 1970s are intersected by drill pads from exploration in 2005.</p><br>
<p>In the grass beyond the main mine site are traces of the 1970s work camp: a concrete slab floor and a power pole. They are adjacent to an elaborate concrete fountain derived from an earlier occupation period.</p><br>
<p>Sitting out on the flats are the remains of a stonewalled building, which retained its corrugated iron roof into the 1960s. It is presumed to have been an explosives store.</p><br>
<p>The mine was serviced by the rail link from Almaden and there is limited evidence of the line between Einasleigh railway station and the mine itself. This is due to a combination of events: removal of the rail track, the construction of an airstrip at some stage west of the mine, frequent grass fires and souveniring of the sleepers. However, a trail of dog spikes once used to secure the line is discernible along part of the east west access that presently passes the isolated multitubular boiler.</p><br>
<p>Within Copperfield Gorge, the foundations of a water pump, a boiler mounting and water pipe securing saddles have been recorded.</p><br>
<h3>Main Shaft</h3><br>
<p>The main shaft was originally developed as a three-compartment shaft: one manway and two for skips. Although the original size is not stated they were commonly about 6 feet by 18 feet (1.8m x 5.4m). Due to collapses during the period between World War I and 1970 the actual opening is now substantially larger. There is a section of concrete collar on the east side of the shaft extending down about 2.5 metres. The shaft is blocked about 9 metres below ground level.</p><br>
<p>Parts of the steel headframe erected in 1971 remain: a rudimentary structure above the shaft with one leg proud of the ground and another loosely positioned. A post and wire fence has been erected around the shaft for safety.</p><br>
<p>Traces of some of the original headframe&#39;s footings are evident. Two sheave wheels, 1120mm diameter with a 120mm diameter and a 120mm deep rim lie on a nearby rubble heap. Both have sections of rim missing and some buckled spokes.</p><br>
<h3>Winding Engine</h3><br>
<p>The original winding house is identifiable by its foundations. It would seem probable that the footprint of the building could be identified if surface deposits were carefully cleaned back. The chimney at 7951211N 193762E (by GPS) is probably part of that structure. Photographs from around 1910 show that the foundations supported a steel chimney. The chimney is no longer extant.</p><br>
<h3>Primary Crusher</h3><br>
<p>The concrete mounts for the crusher are immediately north of the main shaft.</p><br>
<h3>Blacksmith shop and tanks</h3><br>
<p>The original blacksmith&#39;s workshop floor was a 7 x 7 metre slab. It appears to have been partially capped with additional concrete at some later stage, or stages, possibly when modified as a workshop in the 1970s. This structure is steel framed and sheeted with corrugated iron. It is currently used for storing hay.</p><br>
<h3>Stone magazine</h3><br>
<p>A drystone building is located just below the cliff top SSW of the former blacksmith shop. It is assumed to have been an explosives magazine. The building stands around a metre high. Several rocks lie adjacent and downhill suggesting a significantly higher building initially. The wall thickness ranges from 600 to 750mm thick with an internal space of about 2 x 2.9 metres. This was accessed via a doorway 850mm wide. The floor appears to have been built out from the cliff and levelled using a mix of basalt boulders (the whole site is strewn with large quantities) and soil. Neither evidence of an access to the doorway nor of the roofing remains.</p><br>
<h3>Mill</h3><br>
<p>The former mill is located north of the main shaft, beyond the crusher, and is now represented by a series of engine mounting blocks and a concrete floor. A discarded 4 x 4 truck tray has been dumped on part of the floor.</p><br>
<p>The Mill chimney base, a ring of clay bricks at ground level, has a base diameter of 3600mm.</p><br>
<p>Part of a disintegrating corrugated iron shed, possibly from the 1970s, stands on the southern end of the mill foundations. Debris is scattered in the adjacent area.</p><br>
<h3>Smelter</h3><br>
<p>The vicinity of the smelter has been severely impacted on by drilling rigs and the 1970s mining activities. Some smelter equipment and parts of the foundation remain intact and, significant among them, are parts of a poured slag floor. It extends NE to the edge of the slag dump itself. Carefully pouring the slag, so that it retained a smooth top, ensured that the hot slag could be moved rapidly across the dump as required. Drums related to the process are scattered in adjacent areas.</p><br>
<h3>Assay Lab</h3><br>
<p>The former assay laboratory stood southwest of the main shaft. A stone chimney and associated brickwork remain amidst a scatter of crucibles and other material.</p><br>
<h3>South Shaft</h3><br>
<p>The south shaft is situated at the edge of the riverbank overlooking the Copperfield River. The shaft appears to have collapsed at about 25 metres down. The timber pigsty collar is intact but skewed toward the river. It measures about 1200 x 2400 mm suggesting it was a two- compartment shaft. Timbers were all about 400mm diameter. Corrugated iron sheets were attached to the external wall of the pigsty to retain soil and rock. Machined wire nails were used to secure many of the timbers suggesting that it probably dates from the early - mid 20th century.</p><br>
<p>There appears to be a rough track along the cliff top developed by clearing basalt boulders that scatter the surface of most of the site. This may have been a pedestrian access or a tramway for hauling to the mill.</p><br>
<h3>North Shaft</h3><br>
<p>A small shaft is located 25 metres north of the main shaft. Its purpose is unclear but may have served as a ventilation and supply shaft. It is fenced and appears to have collapsed internally.</p><br>
<h3>Fountain and caravan site</h3><br>
<p>The fountain was presumably built in the early 20th century but is adjacent to a caravan parking area probably used in the 1970s. A concrete slab and a nearby power pole and metre box identify the caravan pad. There is a short length of steel picket fencing to the south of the fountain.</p><br>
<p>The fountain is 1100mm high x 1600mm diameter. It comprises a base section of concreted basalt rocks concreted in as a 720mm high dished receptacle from which the central fountain-stem 580mm rises. There are pipes present that suggest it was a low-pressure system relying on water cascading from the upper to lower bowl.</p><br>
<p>Limited stonework is visible in the area suggesting that there were garden beds around the water feature.</p><br>
<p>The power line appears to have run to this site from a route possibly passing the old Assay Lab. There is one power post still standing.</p><br>
<h3>Stone building</h3><br>
<p>A large stone building is situated 350 metres NNW of the main shaft. While its function is unclear it is generally accepted that this windowless structure was probably the main explosives magazine. The building apparently retained a corrugated iron roof until the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The floor area is 3.7 x 4 metres and has a 1 metre wide doorway on the SW wall. One section of the NW wall has collapsed to 1.4 metres above floor level (plus 410mm above ground level) but for the most part it varies between to 2 to 2.1 metres high. The walls are about 500mm thick. The upper course is recessed to hold the roof frame.</p><br>
<h3>Multitubular boiler</h3><br>
<p>A solitary multitubular boiler with no distinguishing marks, lies in bushes about 150 metres from the main shaft. The key measurements are: diameter 1.7 metres; length 4.06 metres; central valve 850mm high x 750 mm; and 41 tubes in 7 rows (11 x 1, 4 x 2, 3 x 2, 3 x 2, 2 x 2, 2 x 2, and 1 x 2).</p><br>
<p>Its original location may have been at the smelter or mill although its size suggests it would have only been a medium capacity unit.</p><br>
<h3>Survey mark and cattle yard</h3><br>
<p>Within about 4 metres of the northwest corner peg for Lot 2 and the southwest corner of Lot 1 and within Lot 1, is an old survey blaze reading vertically &#39;MHL 1893 (?) 420, on a large tree. The scar has substantially healed suggesting it relates to early 20th century mining activity.</p><br>
<p>The tree is within a small set of post and rail yards with a small loading ramp facing east. These yards appear to have been constructed around 1920 to 1940.</p><br>
<p>There is a scatter of domestic refuse in an area to the south and within Lot 2. The scatter appears to contain a mix of material from the early 1970s and earlier with at least one bottle appearing to date from the 1920s.</p><br>
<h3>Railway line</h3><br>
<p>A branch line from the Einasleigh Railway Station to the mine site was in existence in the late 1970s. After cutting across the plain west of the town it runs directly to the mine roughly parallel and south of the boundary of Lots 1 and 2. It then curves slightly, passing south of a bulldozed mound and terminates at the extant buffer stops just to the north of the north shaft.</p><br>
<p>Within the rubble mound there are still several posts in situ that probably relate to the railway bin ore bin site. Between there and the buffers are traces of railway sleepers and dog spikes. The latter are found at intervals along the route outlined above. Currently it is a vehicle track that leads towards the fountain. Its actual route is less identifiable as one leaves the mine site.</p><br>
<h3>Pump station, Copperfield Gorge</h3><br>
<p>A pump mount and former boiler mountings within and to the west of the Copperfield Gorge. Several concrete pipe, hold-down footings exist at various locations on the gorge bank. They were probably supplying water to the mill and railway station. The steam water tower was sited near the Einasleigh station but there is no indication of the water source.</p><br>
<p>The boiler mounting site is located at 7950826N 193503E, being about 470 metres from the main shaft on a 29? MN bearing.</p><br>
<h3>Eastern shaft</h3><br>
<p>A small shaft, about 2 metres square, was identified on the eastern side of Copperfield Gorge. While there is no reference to it in the historical material, it was extant before the 1970s mining activity in the area. It is partially fenced with pickets and barbed wire. There is a length of bush timber lying over the top. The shaft has water at about 8 metres and there is solid material at around 12 metres.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Einasleigh Copper Mine and Smelter was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 December 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Einasleigh Mine and Smelter is significant in Queensland history as the first base metal mine in Queensland and the first mine in the rich mining province of North Queensland. It was the only copper smelter on the Etheridge mining field and it became one of only three base metal mines owned by the State during the period of State enterprises. It was essential to the operation of the Chillagoe Smelters under the ownership of the State and the Chillagoe Company, and the Etheridge Railway was built primarily to link it with the Chillagoe Smelters.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Although the surface elements have been adversely impacted upon during the late 20th century it is expected they are still of sufficient standard to be able to yield information that will contribute to an increased understanding of early mining and smelting history.It is highly likely that sub-surface workings could provide some indications of any special techniques adopted when working beneath two large rivers.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Einasleigh Mine, apart from being one of the earliest copper mines in Queensland, can still demonstrate the industrial processes associated with, in particular, copper extraction in a remote location. Although most buildings and plant have been removed or renovated, the site still explains the copper extraction process. The slag dump, blast furnace mount and associated artefacts are significant, while the stone magazine and one room stone hut are noteworthy.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The mine is the reason Einasleigh township came into being and is important to that community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The early association with Richard Daintree is particularly significant as he is regarded as an important administrator, explorer and photographer in Queensland. It is also important for its association with the Chillagoe Company, as the railway to Einasleigh was one of the solutions to the shortage of ore on the Chillagoe field.</p><br>
<p>The Strand Theatre is a historic performing arts venue at 345 Main Street in downtown Rockland, Maine. Built in 1923 in the wake of a fire that destroyed part of the downtown, it is a rare example of Egyptian Revival architecture, and the only one of three theaters built in Rockland in that period to survive. Now owned by a non-profit, it continues to present films as well as musical and theatrical productions. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Strand Theatre stands near the southeastern end of Rocklands downtown area, on the east side of Main Street. It is a large multisection brick building; its front section is two stories in height, and houses the main lobby and balcony. The middle section houses the main seating area, and has a roof that slopes down toward the stage. The rear section houses the stage, and is three stories in height, allowing for a large theatrical backdrop fly system. The front facade of the building is divided into three sections articulated by brick pilasters, on which are found gray-blue ceramic tiles with Egyptian themes. The outer sections are storefronts, each with a recessed entrance flanked by display windows. The theater entrance is at the center, consisting of recessed double doors. The wall above the storefronts has recessed panels, while that above the main entrance has a segmented-arch multi-part window, and is capped by a segmented parapet. Projecting in front of this window is the theaters marquee and sign.</p><br>
<p>The theater was built in 1922-23, on the site of a building destroyed in a 1920 fire that swept through the southern part of Rockland&#39;s downtown. It was the first building to go up in the fire-devastated area, and its Egyptian-themed motifs include that of the phoenix, reborn from the ashes. The theater was run by the Dondis family for many years, successfully adapting to changing motion picture technology and tastes, and presenting musical and theatrical productions. It was sold by the Dondises in 2000, and has since undergone restoration of its interior and exterior. It is now owned by a local nonprofit, which continues to offer similar entertainment choices.</p><br>
<p>The Sproul Homestead is a historic house on Maine State Route 129 in southern Bristol, Maine. It consists of a c. 1815 Federal period building, which was joined to a c. 1749 colonial Cape style house. Both sections were built by members of the locally prominent Sproul family. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sproul Homestead stands on the west side of SR 129, near the northern end of the South Bristol peninsula. It is recessed from the road, accessed via a tree-lined lane. The main portion of the house is a two-story hip-roofed frame structure, with interior brick chimneys, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. It has a five-bay front facade, with a center entrance framed by Doric pilasters and topped by a four-light transom window and entablatured lintel. The interior of this section retains Federal period woodwork and decorative features. To the rear (west) extends a 1-1/2 story wood frame gabled Cape style structure. Its interior includes a former parlor space that retains original woodwork and early decorative stencilling.</p><br>
<p>James Sproul arrived in the Bristol area in 1729 with Colonel David Dunbar, who sought to establish a colony called "Georgia" at Pemaquid. Although the colony was a failure, the Sprouls remained, and James son Robert built the Cape that is now the ell in about 1749. Roberts grandson, also named Robert, built what is now the main house in 1815, originally locating it across the street from his fathers house. After his fathers death in 1833, he moved his house to higher land to the west of its original location, and attached his father&#39;s house to it. The Sprouls are still one of the largest families in the area.</p><br>
<p>Hold with Hope is a peninsula in eastern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park zone.</p><br>
<p>Geologically Hold with Hope is a place of great interest.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Hold with Hope is located between the Loch Fyne in the NW, Gael Hamke Bay in the north, the Greenland Sea at its eastern end and the Foster Bay on its southern side.</p><br>
<p>The Spath Plateau, where the highest elevations are, is located in the northern part of the peninsula and the Tågefjeldene in the southern part. The Gauss Peninsula is located to the southwest, beyond the Badland Valley (Badlanddal). The section north of (Tobias Dal), a valley stretching from east to west across Hold with Hope, is also known as Home Foreland (Home Forland).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This peninsula was reported by English sea explorer Henry Hudson during his 1607 and 1608 voyage on the Muscovy Company 80-ton whaler Hopewell of Hull. It was the first definite record of land in this remote area of Greenland. Hudson described the place as:</p><br>
<p>The name is one of the oldest known geographical names in Northeastern Greenland. It appeared on an early 17th-century Dutch map by Jodocus Hondius as Holde with hope.</p><br>
<p>Stonewall National Monument is a 7.7 acre USA National Monument in the West Village neighborhood of Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The designated area includes Christopher Park and the block of Christopher Street bordering the park, which is directly across the street from the Stonewall Inn—the site of the Stonewall riots of June 28, 1969, widely regarded as the start of the modern LGBT rights movement in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Stonewall National Monument is the first USA National Monument dedicated to LGBT rights and history. It received its National Monument designation on June 24, 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Stonewall National Monument encompasses the 0.19 acre Christopher Park (also known as Christopher Street Park), a park originally built on a lot that New Netherland Director-General Wouter van Twiller settled as a tobacco farm from 1633 to 1638, when he died. The land was subsequently split up into 3 different farms. Trinity Churchs and Elbert Herrings farms were located in the southern part of van Twiller&#39;s former farm, and Sir Peter Warren’s farm was located in the northern portion.</p><br>
<p>Because of the unusual street grid that already existed in much of Greenwich Village, the Commissioners&#39; Plan of 1811 would not quite fit into the pre-existing street grid. This resulted in several blocks with oblique angles, as well as many triangular street blocks. The former farms of Christopher Street were split into small lots from 1789 to 1829. After a subsequent large population increase in the early 19th century, the buildings on Christopher Street were dense with people. In 1835, the Great Fire of New York spread through the area and destroyed many city blocks. The little triangle of land bounded by Christopher, Grove, and 4th Streets, which was burned down, was condemned and turned into a park. The new Christopher Street Park, designed by architects Calvert Vaux and Samuel Parsons, Jr., was opened in 1837. The Stonewall Inn, which then consisted simply of two adjacent stables, opened across Christopher Street in 1843.</p><br>
<p>The widening of 7th Avenue South, and the construction of the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, effectively split the neighborhood into two pieces, separated by the now-widened avenue. By the 1940s, the area had deteriorated somewhat as people moved away. Meanwhile, the Stonewall Inn had changed uses; many different restaurants would be housed in the inn from the 1930s through 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Role in riots and aftermath</h2><br>
<p>In 1966, the Stonewall Inn Restaurant—which had been located within the inn since the 1950s—closed for renovations due to a fire that devastated the space. The restaurant re-opened as a tavern on March 18, 1967, under ownership of the Genovese crime family of the Mafia. The tavern was breaking rules on the sale of liquor, as it had no liquor license, but one officer of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) was reportedly accepting once-monthly bribes in exchange for allowing the tavern to go unlicensed.</p><br>
<p>On June 27, 1969, the NYPD conducted a raid on the inn, now operating as a gay bar, because the inn did not have a liquor license. Riots started in the ensuing days, where thousands of rioters protested against the NYPDs raid. The riots solidified the Stonewall Inns status as a gay icon. The park also played a significant role in the riots—people had gathered at the park the morning after the first day of rioting, discussing the events of the previous day.</p><br>
<h2>Later years</h2><br>
<p>The park itself was in dire need of renovation, so in the 1970s, the Friends of Christopher Park, which consisted entirely of volunteers mainly from the surrounding community, was created in order to oversee the parks upkeep. In 1983, NYC Parks embarked on a three-year, 130,000-dollar project to rebuild the park to its original condition. Architect Philip Winslow planted new greenery and replaced the parks benches, walkways, light fixtures, and gates.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the Gay Liberation statue by George Segal was placed in Christopher Park, mirroring a near-identical statue at Stanford University. The statue consists of four white figures (two standing men and two seated women) positioned in "natural, easy" poses. Non-LGBT-related monuments in the park include two 1936 works that commemorated American Civil War fighters: a pole that honors the Fire Zouaves, as well as a statue made of bronze that honors Union general Philip Sheridan. The park is surrounded by a fence that dates back to at least the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, across the street, the Stonewall Inn had changed hands many times from 1969 to the 1990s, finally resuming the role of a gay bar by the 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark statuses</h2><br>
<p>The Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation (GVSHP), as well as the Organization of Lesbian and Gay Architects and Designers, nominated the park, inn, and nearby streets for a National Register of Historic Places listing in the late 1990s, and the area became a NRHP-listed site on June 28, 1999. This made the site the nation&#39;s first NRHP listing, out of more than 70,000 listings that existed back then, to be dedicated exclusively to LGBT accomplishments. That same area was declared a National Historic Landmark on February 16, 2000.</p><br>
<p>On June 23, 2015, the Stonewall Inn became a New York City Landmark, making it the first city landmark to commemorate an LGBT icon. The designation prompted Greenwich Village residents to lobby for the inn and the adjacent park to be labeled a National Monument. Some members of Manhattan Community Board 2 wrote a letter to the National Park Service, which administers National Monuments, to request such a status for the Stonewall site. The GVSHP also supported a National Monument designation for the site.</p><br>
<p>On June 24, 2016, President Barack Obama officially designated the Stonewall National Monument, making it the United States first National Monument designated for an LGBT historic site. The dedication ceremony was attended by New York City mayor Bill de Blasio; Senator Kirsten Gillibrand; Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell; and the Stonewall Inns owners. Some attendees saw the dedication as important because the Orlando, Florida, nightclub shooting, which had occurred two weeks prior to the dedication, had claimed the lives of 49 people, many of them gay Latino Americans. The National Monument status encompasses a 7.7 acre area In October 2017, a rainbow LGBT flag was raised on the monument, making it the first officially maintained LGBT flag at a federal monument.</p><br>
<p>The William Dyas Barn is a historic agricultural building located south of Bellevue, Iowa, United States. It is one of over 217 limestone structures in Jackson County from the mid-19th century, of which 58 are non-residential, agricultural related structures. The stones used to build the barn were quarried, but they vary widely in size and shape. The larger stones are at the bottom of the structure, and they diminish in size the higher up on the walls. An unusual feature on this barn is that the gable ends are not stone, but timber. The Dyas family were among the first settlers in Jackson County, arriving in 1833. They built five houses in this valley. William Dyas built a brick house along with this barn. It is believed there were many more stone barns in the county, but they have been removed over the years. That gives this barn the added significance of being an example of a vanishing building type. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Payer Peak,  is a mountain in King Christian X Land, Northeast Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park zone.</p><br>
<p>The region around Payer Peak is uninhabited. This mountain is located in the high Arctic zone, where Polar climate prevails. The average annual temperature in the area is −17 °C. The warmest month is June when the average temperature rises to −2 °C and the coldest is November with −23 °C.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Payer Peak rises on the northern side of Suess Land in the inner Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord only 4 km from the shore of the fjord. It is located south of Cape Payer, a headland in the fjord&#39;s southern coast.</p><br>
<p>Together with Petermann Peak this mountain was long believed to be one of the highest summits in northeastern Greenland, but its actual height does not reach 2,000 m.</p><br>
<p>It is marked as a 7,692 ft peak in the Defense Mapping Agency Greenland Navigation charts and as a 2,320 m mountain in other sources.</p><br>
<h3>Historical background</h3><br>
<p>Payer Peak was named Payer Spitze by Carl Koldewey during the Second German North Polar Expedition he led while first surveying and partially exploring Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord in 1869–70. The peak was named after Austro-Hungarian arctic explorer Julius von Payer (1842–1915) who was co-leader of the expedition. In August 1870 Julius Payer and Ralph Copeland climbed to the ice plateau NE of Payer Peak via the Solklar Glacier and from here were able to view of inner Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord and Petermann Peak.</p><br>
<p>Although much publicity was given to the 1870 ascent of Payer Peak in 1870 as a landmark in Arctic mountaineering, John Haller and Wolfgang Diehl, who climbed Payer Tinde in 1952 found no evidence of a previous ascent.</p><br>
<p>Dr. John Arnold Farm is a historic home and farm and national historic district located in Union Township, Rush County, Indiana. The farmhouse was built in 1853, and is two-story, Gothic Revival style frame dwelling. It is sheathed in clapboard and has a five-gabled roof forming a double crossed "T"-plan. It features a wraparound front porch added about 1900, and a decorative vergeboard. Also on the property are the contributing remains of an early settlement established in the 1820s, including the remains of the original John Arnold cabin, tomb, and cemetery. Other contributing buildings and structures include a smokehouse, milk house, privy, tool shed, buggy shed / garage, chicken house, granary, corn crib / shed, cattle barn, calf shed, and two additional corn cribs.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Rushville Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Rushville, Rush County, Indiana. The district encompasses 54 contributing buildings in the central business district of Rushville. The district developed between about 1847 and 1940 and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Italianate, Romanesque Revival, Classical Revival, Collegiate Gothic, Commercial style, and Art Deco style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Durbin Hotel, Melodeon Hall, and Rush County Courthouse. Other notable buildings include the former Methodist Episcopal Church , Church of Christ / Boys and Girls Club , Beher-King Block , Presbyterian Church , Rushville National Bank , Phoenix Lodge , Rushville Public Library , and former Castle Theatre .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Petermann Peak, , also known as Petermann Fjeld, Petermanns Topp and Petermann Point is a mountain in King Christian X Land, Northeast Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park zone.</p><br>
<p>The area around Petermann Peak is uninhabited. This mountain is located in the high Arctic zone, where Polar climate prevails. The average annual temperature in the area is −16 °C. The warmest month is June, when the average temperature rises to −2 °C, and the coldest is January, with −22 °C.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Petermann Peak rises to a height of 2,943 m on a nunatak located the northern side of the Nordenskiöld Glacier, in western Fraenkel Land in the inner Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord. It has a magnificent appearance, dominating the surrounding landscape. The Gregory Glacier flows from its northeastern side into the Knækdalen valley. The Kalifbjerg (2667 m), Kerberus (c. 2500 m), Gog (c. 2600 m) and Magog (c. 2400 m) peaks are located to the north of Petermann Peak. Initially believed to be the highest peak in Greenland, this mountain is one of the most renowned summits in northeastern Greenland together with Payer Peak located nearby.</p><br>
<p>The Petermann Peak is marked as a 9,646 ft peak in the Defense Mapping Agency Greenland Navigation charts and as a 2,790 m mountain in other sources.</p><br>
<h3>Historical background</h3><br>
<p>Petermann Peak was first seen in August 1870 by Julius Payer and Ralph Copeland when they climbed Payer Peak. It was named Petermanns Spitze by Carl Koldewey during the Second German North Polar Expedition he led while first surveying and partially exploring Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord in 1869–70. The peak was named after German geographer August Heinrich Petermann (1822–78) who was a great supporter of the expedition. In 1899 A.G. Nathorst mistook a lower peak in the vicinity, now named Nathorst Tinde, for Petermann Bjerg. At the turn of the century Petermann Peak was assumed to be the highest peak in all Greenland.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of the peak was made on 15 August 1929 by the Cambridge Expedition to East Greenland led by Scottish polar explorer James Wordie (1890–1962). the second ascent by John Haller and Wolfgang Diehl on 9 August 1951.</p><br>
<p>Maceday Lake is an all-sports, 234-acre Oakland County, Michigan lake along the Clinton River.</p><br>
<p>Maceday Lake connects upstream with the 185-acre Lotus Lake downstream and with the 155-acre Williams Lake.</p><br>
<p>Blain Island lies between Maceday Lake and Lotus Lake. It is accessible by car via a bridge. There are mostly high-end luxury homes on the island.</p><br>
<p>There is a public boat launch on Maceday Lake.</p><br>
<p>Maceday Lake is the second deepest lake in Oakland County behind Cass Lake. The ten deepest lakes in Oakland County are:</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Maceday Lake was named for Mason "Mace" Day, who was seen fishing on the lake so often, the residents of the area began referring to the lake as Mace Day Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Fish in Maceday Lake include pumpkinseed sunfish, largemouth bass, walleye, northern pike and crappie.</p><br>
<p>Einasleigh Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at Daintree Street, Einasleigh, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1908 to 1909. It is also known as Central Hotel. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 February 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Einasleigh Hotel (known as the Central Hotel until 1999) was constructed between August 1908 and June 1909. It is the sole survivor of five hotels that were trading in the copper mining town of Einasleigh by the end of 1910.</p><br>
<p>Pastoralists settled the Einasleigh district in the early 1860s and copper was discovered in the area in the mid 1860s. Richard Daintree, in partnership with William Hann, established a short-lived open-cut copper mine on what was then thought to be the Lynd River but which later proved to be a separate watercourse and was named the Einasleigh River. Ore was excavated and carted in bullock drays to Townsville, but despite good returns, the costly freight made the mine unprofitable. The partners ceased work and the mine entrance was sealed. After the death of Daintree in 1878, the exact location of the mine was lost for some years.</p><br>
<p>Renewed mining interest in the Einasleigh River district was stimulated by the 1890s boom in copper and railways, resulting in 12 copper leases being developed in the area by 1899. A township, initially known as Copperfield, was established on the banks of the Copperfield River to service the new leases. This was surveyed as the township of Einasleigh in 1900, by which time two hotels, a general store, a billiard room, a butcher&#39;s shop and a bakery had been erected. The 1902 Queensland Post Office Directory for Georgetown lists John Evason at the Einasleigh Hotel and JP Steele at the Daintree Hotel, both in Einasleigh.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 John Moffat of the Chillagoe Railway and Mining Company had acquired an interest in the Einasleigh Copper Mine, which was to prove the premier base metal producer on the Etheridge and which attracted southern capital to the field. Between 1900 and 1924 the Einasleigh Copper Mine produced 8,107 tons of copper, 2,288 ounces of gold and 131,284 ounces of silver. It also brought a long-wanted transportation link, with construction of the Etheridge railway line between Almaden and Forsayth (formerly known as Charleston). Prior to the railway, copper had to be transported to Almaden by camel train. The line was constructed by the Chillagoe Company in order to access ore supplies from the Einasleigh Mine, as the Chillagoe field was producing insufficient ore to keep the smelters running. The line was operated by Queensland Railways. The railhead reached Mount Surprise in 1908, and by February 1909 it was 22 miles from the Einasleigh Copper Mine. By July 1909 the railhead was 20 miles past Einasleigh, reaching Forsayth in January 1910. As a consequence of the copper mine and the railway, Einasleigh became, for a brief period, a prosperous township. It was the largest centre in Etheridge Shire between 1907 and 1910, and served as the supply centre for the Oaks gold rush and its later township of Kidston.</p><br>
<p>Miners employed by the Einasleigh Copper Company in 1908 numbered 50 and approximately 6,000 tons of ore was transported to the Chillagoe smelters. By 1909 staff had increased to 105 and nearly 11,000 tons of ore was sent to the smelters. The mine had started to come into full production and ore trains were running six days a week from Einasleigh to the Chillagoe smelters by 1910. This level of mining activity required in addition to miners, a railway crew to keep the trains running efficiently and many teamsters to supply the mine&#39;s huge wood requirements. During this period around 8-10 teams were working in Einasleigh.</p><br>
<p>The "boom" times in Einasleigh did not last long. The First World War (1914–18) interrupted Australian access to overseas mineral markets and led to the closure of mines in the Einasleigh area and elsewhere. One ore train per week ran from Einasleigh to the Chillagoe smelters. This and the occasional livestock train were the only traffic using the Etheridge railway. The district population began to move away as the need for teamsters and rail maintenance crews diminished and by the 1920s Einasleigh Township had all but disappeared. In 1919 the Queensland Government took control of the Etheridge railway along with the Chillagoe Companys assets after the collapse of the company. The Einasleigh mine was re-opened under State ownership, again to supply ore to feed the Chillagoe smelters. This revival in activity was short-lived, the mine closing in 1922. The first mine in north Queensland, it had played an important part in keeping the regions copper mining industry alive by helping to keep the Chillagoe smelters open.</p><br>
<p>Although mining had diminished in importance during World War I, the line remained important for transporting livestock and providing a passenger and goods service for the small communities along its route, including Einasleigh. Reconditioning of the line carried out in 1951 enabled diesel electric locomotives to haul substantial livestock loads until the late 1960s. However, by the 1980s ore and livestock freight on the line had declined markedly and from 1988 the Queensland government promoted the tourism potential of the Cairns to Forsayth Railway, now known as the Savannahlander.</p><br>
<p>The Central Hotel and an adjacent dance hall were constructed at the height of Einasleighs prosperity. The 1908 Queensland Government Gazettes annual list of Licensed Victuallers in the Georgetown District, for the second half of 1907, only listed Emma Kershaw, at the Australian Hotel, in Einasleigh. In September 1907 Rose Mary Gard applied for a Miner&#39;s Homestead Lease (MHL) consisting of two roods facing Daintree Street, on which the Einasleigh (Central) Hotel now stands. At this time the annual rent was five shillings per year. The Central Hotel was built between August 1908, when improvements to the site consisted of a fence only, and June 1909, by which time functions were being held in the Central Hotel and the adjoining dance hall.</p><br>
<p>In August 1909 Herbert Linneman was issued a license for the Central Hotel in Einasleigh, although the MHL was not transferred to him until 1 May 1912. By December 1910 there were five hotels in Einasleigh: the Australian, licensed to Bridget Dutton; the Einasleigh (Mary Susan Francis); the Copperfield (Marion McGuire); the Federal (W.J. Tracey), and the Central (Linneman).</p><br>
<p>On 2 May 1912 the MHL was transferred to Marion McGuire, along with the Victuallers License for the Central Hotel. The 1914 license inspection recorded that there were 12 moderate sized bedrooms for the public (in 1916 it was confirmed that these 12 bedrooms were on the first floor; in 1962 the back rooms were numbered 1 to 7, and the front rooms were 8 to 12). On the ground floor were three moderate size bedrooms for servants, one large bedroom for the licensee, one large sitting room for the licensee, and two large sitting rooms for the public. This made a total of 2 public rooms, 12 bedrooms for hire, and five private rooms/bedrooms. Stairs from the front and back verandahs acted as fire escapes. To the rear of the hotel were one gents&#39; double WC (with a urinal by 1917), one ladies WC, four horse stalls (with roof and walls), plus another 3 stalls (roof only). There was also a bathroom (detached), and a cordial factory.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s license reports varied in their description of the number and use of rooms, but generally the average was 12 public bedrooms on the top floor, with two to three private bedrooms downstairs, a bar (located in the centre of building facing Daintree Street), two public sitting rooms/parlours, and a public dining room (either the licensees large bedroom or the licensees private sitting room may have become a public room by 1916). In 1916 a storeroom and pantry are also mentioned as being on the ground floor. A large kitchen is mentioned in 1917, which appears to have been semi- detached, at the rear of the hotel. In 1924 the dimensions of the two public sitting rooms were given as 21 x 10 feet, and 12 x 14 feet.</p><br>
<p>By 1918 the Einasleigh Hotel had closed, leaving only the Central, Copperfield, Federal and Australian hotels. In October 1920 the license for the Central was transferred from McGuire to Catherine Draper, and the hotel&#39;s ownership was transferred to George Moses Malouf. By 1921 only three hotels, including the Central, remained in town. All three were located on Daintree Street.</p><br>
<p>Marion McGuire died in September 1922, and the MHL was transferred to the Public Curator, before being transferred to Malouf in October 1923. Therefore, by October 1923 Malouf owned both the Central Hotel and the lease of the land on which it stood. By 1927 only the Central and the Australian (formerly the Copperfield) hotels were still trading in Einasleigh. In June 1931 the Central&#39;s license was transferred to Mary J Limkin, former licensee of the Australian Hotel, who also obtained the MHL in July of that year. By April 1932 the Central was the only hotel in Einasleigh.</p><br>
<p>A 1936 inspectors report noted the internal ground floor partitions of the hotel were made of pine. The bar was still at the centre of the building, and one dining room and one sitting room were mentioned. Guest rooms were recorded as two doubles, and six singles, with four private bedrooms. A kitchen, washhouse, two bathrooms, pantry, stables and garage were also noted. In 1951 the hotels license was transferred from Mary Limkin to Joseph E Ryan, before being transferred to Mervyn H. Limkin in 1953. Mary Limkin continued to own the hotel and hold the MHL. In 1960 a dressed pine and hardwood partition was built six feet from the door of the lounge to the bar counter, to prevent direct access to the public bar.</p><br>
<p>By 1960 an open verandah at the side of the hotel was being used for cooking, as the old semi-detached kitchen at the rear of the hotel was riddled with white ants. This side verandah is probably the skillion- roofed extension on the south side of the hotel, which is currently part open, and part enclosed. The State Government requested that either the verandah kitchen be ceiled and lined, or that the old kitchen be replaced. Limkin planned to re-build on the site of the old kitchen (measuring 18 feet by 15 feet), and a 1962 inspection report refers to a semi-detached kitchen to the rear, of timber, iron and timbrock, with a concrete floor, which still exists.</p><br>
<p>In 1962 the dining room was located at the front of the southern side of the ground floor, and a ladies lounge bar was located at the front of the northern side. According to a plan of the hotel sketched by a local resident, the lounge bar area previously contained a bedroom and office. The ladies lounge bar was turned into a games room in the 1970s or 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Between 1966 and 1975, members of the Millhouse family held both the license and the MHL. The current bar was installed by the Millhouses, and was extended recently. The license was transferred to LM Mosch in 1975 and the MHL was transferred to Mosch in 1977. That year the old toilets were demolished, and a new septic system was installed. In 1980, plans were approved for a new male bathroom and a new laundry, and a 1983 report stated that the public bar was located in the northeast corner of the ground floor of the hotel. The license changed hands six times in the period from 1981 to 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Central Hotel gained notoriety in late 1994 and early 1995 as the focus for community protest against the Queensland governments proposed closing of the Cairns to Forsayth railway. Only the Mount Surprise to Forsayth section of the line was to remain, as a tourist railway. The Einasleigh community was particularly vocal in its call for the line to remain open. The 450 km line from Cairns provided a vital passenger and freight service (equipment, food and fodder) to the Einasleigh district, where roads were cut during the wet season. In a bid to preserve the districts lifeline, the 40-strong population of Einasleigh blockaded the railway at Einasleigh for 4 days from 16 December 1994, holding the Last Great Train Ride hostage. During this period the locals fed and housed the train passengers and crew until the blockade was lifted after negotiation with police.</p><br>
<p>In many small country towns the local hotel is the social hub and at Einasleigh the Central played a significant role in the organisation of the December 1994 protest and the events that followed. Not only was the plan to blockade the train formulated in the pub, its bar and rooms provided country hospitality to the train passengers stranded in the town. The Queenslsand Government condemned the action and remained committed to closing the railway. In response, Einasleigh and district residents (about 130) gathered on the verandah of the Central Hotel on 13 January 1995 to meet with State and Federal politicians. Like the blockade, this was a significant event in the history of the town.</p><br>
<p>The Central Hotel survived two fires during the interwar period and continues to trade, now as the Einasleigh Hotel. The interior ground floor plan has changed a number of times over the decades, and two of the first floor bedrooms, in the northwest corner, have been converted into bathrooms. The verandah support posts no longer have ornamental brackets, and two of the sash windows to the front lower verandah have been replaced with horizontal glass louvres. However, the hotel still plays an important role, servicing the Kidston and Gilberton areas and acting as a social focus for the local community. Recently the hotel has been refurbished, using in part timber salvaged from the adjacent dance hall (known as "the leaning building") that collapsed and was demolished in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Einasleigh Hotel is the principal building in the township of Einasleigh, and the only two-storey building. The hotel is located on the main street of Einasleigh, facing east and overlooking the Einasleigh Gorge.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is rectangular in plan, and timber framed, with a hipped roof of galvanized corrugated iron that extends over front and rear verandahs. There is a single-storey, skillion-roofed extension to the southern elevation and a two-storey, gable-roofed addition attached to the southwest corner of the building. There is also a single storey extension to the rear verandah, in the northwestern corner.</p><br>
<p>The walls to the verandahs are single-skin horizontal chamferboard with exposed timber stud framing. The northern and southern walls are clad externally with ripple iron, and have bull-nosed metal window hoods. The rear verandah on both levels is enclosed with corrugated galvanized iron sheeting.</p><br>
<p>Both front and rear upper verandahs have a simple two-rail dowel balustrade, and timber posts support both the upper and lower verandahs. The front upper verandah&#39;s balustrade is a recent (metal) replica. The lower front verandah has a deep valance of corrugated galvanized iron, with a (non-original) shark-tooth pattern along the bottom edge, and the painted lettering "EINASLEIGH HOTEL". Above the balustrade on the upper rear verandah there are pivoting panels of corrugated iron, which can be opened for ventilation.</p><br>
<p>The current ground floor plan includes a dining room on the south side, which contains a door to a small office in the enclosed section of the southern skillion extension. An east-west corridor, with a stairway to the first floor, divides the dining room from the bar room to the north. Evidence of two fires can be seen above the bar. The bar room is divided from a games room by a modern partition wall with a large opening, which has recently been panelled with timber from the collapsed Dance Hall. Four doors in total open onto the ground floor front verandah. To the west of the dining room is the enclosed rear verandah, with a pantry and stairs to the first floor. Behind the bar room and games room is a storage area and cold room within the enclosed rear verandah, which has been extended to the west. Internal walls on the ground floor vary from vertical tongue and groove timber boards, to horizontal chamferboard, to fibrous cement.</p><br>
<p>The first floor of the hotel retains a high degree of integrity. Interior partitioning is single-skin, vertically jointed tongue-and-groove timber boards, creating ten bedrooms, each reached from either the front verandah, or the rear verandah. An east-west corridor, containing the staircase from the ground floor, divides the four larger bedrooms in the south from the remainder. From each bedroom, French doors open directly onto the verandahs. Each leaf has three panels, the upper two being of opaque glass and the lower panel of timber. Above each set of French doors is a timber fretwork ventilation panel. However, two of the original 12 bedrooms have been converted into bathrooms. An older bathroom is located on the top floor of the two-storey extension to the rear verandahs.</p><br>
<p>Behind the southern end of the rear verandah is a semi-detached, single-story kitchen, set on a concrete slab, with a gabled roof. The external walls are clad in corrugated galvanized iron, and it is internally clad with fibrous cement. The kitchen is connected to the rear verandah by an awning.</p><br>
<p>Other structures in the rear yard include a covered breakfast area west of the kitchen, a timber and corrugated iron clad laundry west of the breakfast area, and a concrete-block structure containing toilets, behind the northern end of the hotel. A large fig tree stands behind the toilets. A modern demountable residence is sited in the northwest corner of the property. South of the hotel, running in a line from east to west, is a modern hardiplank shed on a cement pad, an old corrugated iron clad skillion-roofed shed on a cement pad, a modern gabled aluminium shed, and an old corrugated iron clad engine shed with a steeply pitched gable roof. Southwest of the engine shed is a small timber-fenced yard with a skillion roofed shelter, probably a stable.</p><br>
<p>The structures which are not of historical significance include: the toilet block; the covered breakfast area; the laundry; the hardiplank shed; the modern aluminum shed; the demountable residence; and the two caravans on the property.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Einasleigh Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 February 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Einasleigh Hotel, constructed in 1909, is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history. It was erected during a brief period of prosperity and expansion in the copper mining town of Einasleigh, during the peak extraction years of the Einasleigh Copper Mine. It is important in demonstrating how mining activities and associated railway lines can give rise to small businesses and townships to service the industry. The last of the old hotels in the mining towns of the Etheridge Goldfield, it is also the last survivor of five hotels in Einasleigh, and has become the social center for the Einasleigh district. It was also closely associated with the blockade of the Cairns to Forsayth Railway in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. As a two-storey early twentieth century timber and galvanized iron hotel, complete with upstairs bedrooms for guests, both open and enclosed verandahs, a detached kitchen, and a number of outbuildings, it exemplifies a particular way of life in rural Queensland</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important for its aesthetic significance. As the largest and most visually dominant building in the small township of Einasleigh, the Einasleigh Hotel has a landmark quality that helps to define the township.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Einasleigh Hotel has a strong association with the local community. It is the only hotel in the immediate vicinity for the residents of Einasleigh, Kidston and Gilberton, and as such it is the focal point for many social activities in the area. It hosts the annual rodeo, sports and racing clubs, and government and private educational classes for local pastoralists.</p><br>
<p>Station Master&#39;s Residence is a heritage-listed detached house at Railway Reserve, Einasleigh, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Einasleigh Station Masters Residence was constructed around 1909 as part of a private railway linking the mines and smelters of the Chillagoe Railway and Mining Company to the Queensland Governments railway network. The mining company&#39;s Engineer-in-Charge, Archibald Smith Frew, designed this and two other similar residences at Almaden and at Forsayth on the line.</p><br>
<p>The important mining entrepreneur, John Moffat, prospected for copper in the Chillagoe area from the late 1880s and in the 1890s formed a syndicate with Melbourne investors to build a private railway linking Chillagoe with the government railway network at Mareeba. The bill to approve this project was passed in Parliament in 1897 and Frew surveyed the line. Frew was employed as an engineer by the Queensland Railways Department from 1879, was second in charge at the construction of the Croydon railway in 1890-91, and constructed much of the Cairns railway network in the early years of the 20th century. He also designed the structures needed to service the Chillagoe line. Many of the buildings, since vanished, displayed the distinctive multiple gabled roofs seen on this residence.</p><br>
<p>The Etheridge railway was built between 1906 and 1910 and the principal towns along the line were Almaden, Einasleigh and Forsayth, which was the terminus. Frew designed Station Master&#39;s residences at each of the service towns as part of the overall provision of facilities that included a station building, cattle yards, turning fork, loading bank and goods shed. The siding to the mine at Einasleigh was reported completed in March 1909 and trains of ore are likely to have commenced running shortly afterwards.</p><br>
<p>The Station Masters houses at each town are similar in plan and all feature a distinctive roof arranged in three parallel gables, which indicate the room arrangement. The central room was a dining room flanked by pairs of bedrooms. The Einasleigh and Forsayth houses were larger than that at Almaden and were originally designed with lattice at each end of the dining room, allowing this to operate as a central breezeway. However, they may not have actually been constructed in this way and are enclosed at each end. The house was designed with a detached building at the rear of the house incorporating a kitchen, store and servants room with the roof extended at the back to cover a laundry.</p><br>
<p>The Chillagoe Company experienced considerable difficulties, undergoing several financial reconstructions. Although it was not profitable, it nevertheless survived until 1923, and had an important influence on the mining and railway industries of North Queensland. There is evidence of its operations in the ruined smelter at Chillagoe, and abandoned mine sites at Mungana, Einasleigh, Mount Mulligan and elsewhere. However, the railway lines built by the company from the government railhead at Mareeba to Mungana in 1901, and to Forsayth in 1910, have survived in use. When constructed, they were part of the longest privately owned railway network in Australia, but were incorporated into the Queensland Government rail system in June 1919 when most of the Chillagoe Company&#39;s assets were purchased by the Queensland Government.</p><br>
<p>Einasleigh had a stationmaster until 1927 when the line was closed by flooding. After the line was reopened, a gatekeeper - probably a station mistress as it was in later years - was appointed as from 1928. After a new house was built in the 1970s, maintenance fettlers occupied this house. The line is now chiefly a tourist attraction known as the Gulflander.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Station Master&#39;s Residence is a single storey timber building set on concrete stumps. It has a roof comprising three parallel gables clad in corrugated iron. There are fixed louvred vents below each gable and the core section has a verandah to three sides. A separate roof supported on timber posts shades this. The house has sash windows and French doors opening onto the verandah, part of which has been built in. The interior is lined with horizontal beaded boards.</p><br>
<p>The detached kitchen shown on the original drawings is not present. A mature mango tree at the side of the house is an important visual feature of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Station Master&#39;s Residence at Einasleighwas listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Station Masters Residence at Einasleigh is one of three such residences built as part of the infrastructure servicing the private railway of a major mining company. They express the dominance of the Chillagoe Company in the economy of North Queensland, 1898-1914. The line was a vital link in the Companys operations, bringing in fuel for the smelters and taking out minerals, but it also worked as a community railway servicing the needs of those living on the line and in the service towns.</p><br>
<p>The Etheridge line is rare as a private railway and the provision of Station Master&#39;s residences demonstrates the quality and importance of the facility to the Chillagoe Company.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Etheridge line is rare as a private railway and the provision of Station Master&#39;s residences demonstrates the quality and importance of the facility to the Chillagoe Company.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Station Master&#39;s residence has aesthetic value as a well-executed variation of a traditional dwelling within the Queensland vernacular tradition and makes a substantial contribution to the built character of Einasleigh.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is important for its connection with the life and work of the prominent engineer, A S Frew, who designed both the line and the structures along it, endowing them with a personal interpretation of the established local tradition in domestic architecture.</p><br>
<p>Scott Sunken Garden is a historical landmark in Lansing, Michigan, United States of America.</p><br>
<p>The outer foundation walls are 51 feet by 79 feet and the center is a 28 feet by 45 feet lawn. There are shorter limestone walls lining the court with raised flower beds. The west side and east sides have limestone steps leading to a small water pond below the grotto center piece. This foundation of Justice Edward Cahill&#39;s home was redesigned after 1930 by a new American immigrant, Nick Kriek. The gardening includes bulbs, annuals, perennials and a list of species introduced to the area by Kriek himself.</p><br>
<p>The garden has been maintained by the Greater Lansing Garden Club for 3 decades; they restored it after a few decades of neglect by the city.</p><br>
<p>The Scott Sunken Garden landmark has a list of historically significant ties including 1930s "Golden Age of American Landscaping", Immigration, Civil Rights, and Lansings Beautification.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>National Register Coordinator for the State of Michigan state that the Scott Sunken Garden Is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places.... The garden appears to meet national register criteria B and C...."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>"Even though the Scott House itself – the house that stood just west of the garden near the Jenison House/Scott Center – that formed the central feature of the property no longer exists, the garden stands out as a fine example of formal landscape garden design from the early twentieth century (various dates of construction from the mid-1920s to 1934-35 have been reported). As far as I’ve been able to determine from all the recent discussions, the garden is unique in Lansing as a formal garden that, designed for an urban residential setting, dates from the early twentieth century period when landscaped gardens and estates associated with them reached a height of design perfection, during what has been called the “Golden Age of American Landscape Design.” The Scott Sunken Garden, in my mind, possesses additional significance as a prime achievement of a local Lansing artisan, Nick or Nicolaas Isaac Willem Kriek. Kriek (1895–1978) was born in the Netherlands and, settling in Lansing in the early 1920s, founded the Cottage Gardens nursery in 1923. Bill Hicks, Mr. Kriek’s grandson and today part of the still operating family-owned business, states that Nick Kriek built the Sunken Garden for Scott, from whom he had purchased the property on which the Cottage Gardens nursery was established in 1923. It seems logical to think that Kriek had a major hand in designing the garden to meet the Scotts’ wishes and requirements. The garden also possesses importance for its direct association with an important Lansing citizen, Richard H. Scott, who owned the property and had the garden created. Marilyn Lee’s 2010 history of the garden states that Scott came to Lansing in 1898 to work for auto pioneer R. E. Olds and helped organize Olds’ Reo Motor Car Company and served as president of the company after Olds retired in 1923."</p><br>
<p>This Scott Sunken Garden foundation is presumed to be the remains of Justice Edward Cahills Lansing home. He moved to Lansing after serving in the Civil War and went to war serving beside African American soldiers in Michigans 102nd USCI on a campaign through southern states. Justice Edward Cahill served in the Michigan Supreme Court in 1890. Justice Cahill also concurred upholding Racial equality in USAs landmark Civil Rights "William W. Ferguson vs. Edward G. Gies" case</p><br>
<p>The local chapter of this national garden club has a long history with both the Scott Sunken Garden and the Scott Center. The club met at the Scott Center before it was moved to Scott Park and the Garden Club invested the financing to restoration of this landmark garden through the early 80s. The city actually fell short of original expectations and the Garden Club even paid for a restoration of the lower wall of the Scott Sunken Garden</p><br>
<h2>Politics</h2><br>
<p>The city is in need of widespread upgrades to the Power Grid infrastructure inducing several substations to replace the older Eckert Substation next to the Eckert Power Station. The Lansing Board of Water and Light (LBWL) and Mayor Virg Bernero have pushed for a large Central Substation with their proposal to destroy a riverside park (Scott Park) and to remove historical integrity of its historical landmark of Scott Sunken Garden.</p><br>
<h3>LBWL Proposals</h3><br>
<p>The LBWL had submitted an original proposal to the Lansing Parks and Recreation then amended it during the review by the Lansing Planning Board. These Board&#39;s are appointed by the Mayor and their decisions are being reviewed by the Lansing City Council.</p><br>
<h3>Parkland Advocacy</h3><br>
<p>The Scott Sunken Garden caretakers of 3 decades, the Greater Lansing Garden Club, has declined the LBWL offer of the new garden wanting the historical garden to remain in tact. Each public board meeting and the public meeting held by Jessica Yorko (as Lansing City Council, 4th Ward Representative) were occupied with citizen advocates. There are multiple community organizations publicly advocating saving Scott Sunken Garden, and its Scott Park; "Preservation Lansing" has advocated this along with a list of other historical concerns in the area; is a non-profit advocacy organization instituted for protecting Scott Sunken Garden and its neighboring assets of the People of Lansing.</p><br>
<h4>Public Petitions</h4><br>
<p>Original Petition for Lansing Parks and Recreation: "Save Scott Park and the Sunken Garden"</p><br>
<p>Request for more ideal alternative and assistance with concerns by officials: "Two Downtown Lansing Substations Audit and Investigation into Concerns by Mayor and LBW"</p><br>
<p>Etheridge railway line is a heritage-listed railway line between Mount Surprise and Forsayth, both in the Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It includes Mount Surprise railway station, Einasleigh railway station, Wirra Wirra railway station and Forsayth railway station. Etheridge railway line was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 February 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Etheridge Railway line, which branches off the Mareeba-to-Chillagoe railway at Almaden and heads south for 142 miles (229.5 km) to Forsayth via Mount Surprise and Einasleigh, was built between 1907 and 1910 by the Chillagoe Railway and Mining Company as a private railway line. The same company constructed the railway line from Mareeba to Chillagoe and Mungana between 1898 and 1901. The Etheridge line was built cheaply, with lighter rails and fewer earthworks than the Chillagoe line, to supply ore to the Chillagoe Companys under-utilised Chillagoe smelters. The Chillagoe Company was part of the business empire of John Moffat, and between 1880 and 1914 much of the economic activity of North Queensland was driven by the railways and mining towns created by Moffats enterprises. The remaining built infrastructure at stations along the Etheridge Railway provides examples of the type of buildings erected by the Chillagoe Company for its railway network.</p><br>
<p>John Moffat arrived in Brisbane from Scotland in 1862, and in 1872 he opened a general store in Stanthorpe with Robert Love, to take advantage of tin mining in the area. By 1880 Moffat decided to expand his tin-buying business to North Queensland, and that year his prospectors marked out a mineral freehold at the head of the Wild River, near Herberton. Battery machinery was erected in 1881 at "The Great Northern" mine, and the Herberton Tin Company was formed. In 1884 the Loudoun battery was established at Gibbs Creek and Irvinebank (named after Moffats birthplace) became Moffats permanent headquarters. A tin smelter was also erected at Irvinebank in 1884, next to Moffat&#39;s residence Loudoun House. The Loudoun mill held a pivotal position in the North Queensland economy when Irvinebank was booming in 1899, and at its peak was the largest tin battery and smelter in Australia.</p><br>
<p>As well as mining and smelting tin, Moffat was also interested in silver and copper. He opened a silver smelter at Montalbion in 1886, and silver deposits were located at Muldiva in late 1889. In 1888 Moffat sent his prospectors to William Atherton&#39;s property at Chillagoe to look for copper, and Moffat soon monopolised the new field. The first copper smelter on the Chillagoe field was erected near the Boomerang mine at Calcifer in 1894, and by 1897 there was also a copper smelter at Girofla (Mungana). However, Moffat had plans for a central ore smelter which would replace the Loudoun smelter and the small primitive mills located near individual mine groups.</p><br>
<p>To supply a central smelter, Moffat needed a network of railways to his mines. He had commissioned the survey of a railway route to Chillagoe in 1892, hoping for a land-grant railway, but the depression had stifled the proposal. The Queensland Government&#39;s railway from Cairns reached Mareeba in the early 1890s and Moffat hoped to build a railway inland from this point. However, he needed capital for such a venture, and in 1897 he went to Melbourne to find investors, where he gained the attention of Charles William Chapman and James Smith Reid. In 1897 the Chillagoe Proprietary Company was formed. Reid and Chapman accompanied Moffat to Brisbane in November 1897 to present their railway proposal to the government. The resultant Mareeba to Chillagoe Railway Act of 1897 empowered the Chillagoe Proprietary Company to build a 95-mile railway for £431,000, subject only to a government right of purchase after 50 years. In 1898 a new company, Chillagoe Railway and Mines Limited, was formed to take over the assets of the Chillagoe Proprietary Company.</p><br>
<p>The 1897 Act also approved a central smelter site at Barron Falls, but a short-lived Labor Government quashed the project in December 1899. The Chillagoe Railway and Mines Company was forced to develop its central smelter inland, accruing high transport costs. A central smelter site was selected at Chillagoe Creek, and smelters were constructed during 1900 and 1901. From 1902 the smelters extracted gold, silver and copper from ore which was supplied from Redcap and Calcifer, and they also treated lead ore from the Girofla mine and Torpys Crooked Creek silver lead mine. In 1901 a copper smelter was also built at Mount Garnet, where copper had been discovered in 1882, but this was not linked to the Companys rail network (at Lappa) until 1902.</p><br>
<p>Construction of a 36" (1067mm) gauge railway with 60 pound per yard steel rails was supervised by Archibald Smith Frew, the Chillagoe Companys Engineer-in-Charge, who had worked as an assistant to George Phillips on the Normanton-Croydon Railway, built between 1888 and 1891. Construction of the Chillagoe line began in August 1898, and it opened to Lappa on 1 October 1900 and to Chillagoe and Mungana in 1901. Labourers were hired on piece-work, and substantial work was sub-contracted. Stone and concrete culverts and drains were inserted in all embankments over 3 feet high, and steel and masonry bridges were constructed.</p><br>
<p>In an attempt to obtain more copper ore for the Chillagoe smelters, since ore reserves around Chillagoe had been overestimated, the Chillagoe Company sought to build a branch line from the Chillagoe Railway, south to the Etheridge goldfield and the Einasleigh copper mine. There had been a proposal by John Robb for a private railway to Georgetown in 1890 and in 1902 the Einasleigh Freehold Mining Company proposed a tramway from Almaden to Einasleigh, but nothing eventuated. Negotiations between the Chillagoe Company and the Queensland Government occurred from 1904, and approval was finally given to build the railway subject to the provisions of the Etheridge Railway Act 1906. The Chillagoe Company agreed to build a railway to a point near Georgetown, for a cost not exceeding £450,000. The government would operate and maintain this private line for 15 years, guaranteeing the company a profit of 2.5% on its outlay, and then purchase the line. It was the first step towards the present system under which mineral railways are government owned and operated but built with private capital repaid out of profits.</p><br>
<p>The railway construction project was again overseen by Archibald Smith Frew, and began in 1907, branching off south from Almaden. The station at Almaden (not included within the heritage boundary of the Etheridge line) was opened in 1901. It became a busy centre for trucking cattle and servicing locomotives.</p><br>
<p>The Etheridge Railway was constructed in the most economical way possible using timber for the bridges, sharp curves, steep grades and light (41? pound per yard) rails. There were fewer earthworks than on the Mareeba to Chillagoe line, and minimal ballast was used under the sleepers. Despite controversy, the Chillagoe Company changed the line terminus from Georgetown to Charleston (Forsayth) because it was thought that the mines near Charleston were more promising than those near Georgetown.</p><br>
<p>By 31 August 1907 the railhead was at 12 miles (19.3 km). The line was opened to Mount Surprise in May 1908, and the railway station at Mount Surprise (108.5 km from Almaden) was named in December 1909. In 1916 Mount Surprise station had a gate, siding, telephone, scales, fork, cattle yards, and a horse and carriage loading bank. By 1932 it had a station building, closet, goods shed, loading bank, motor shed, camping quarters, two fettlers quarters, enginemens quarters, coal stage, and cattle yards. Mount Surprise became an important cattle trucking centre after 1951, with the reconditioning of the line from Almaden for steam locomotives. In 1970 approval was given to erect the railway station building from Tumoulin at Mount Surprise as a cottage (removed 2008). A repair shed for the Savannahlander tourist railmotor and an interpretation centre were built in the mid-1990s.</p><br>
<p>Although construction was delayed by strikes in mid-1908 over the pay rate for railway workers, the line was opened to Einasleigh (165.5 km from Almaden) by February 1909. The Einasleigh copper mine was originally discovered by Richard Daintree in the mid 1860s, but the cost of transporting ore from the site made it uneconomic and it soon closed. The location was lost until the 1890s and a renewed interest in copper on the Etheridge field. A township known as Copperfield was established on the banks of the Copperfield River to service 12 copper mining leases extant by 1899, and this was surveyed as Einasleigh in 1900. The mine was reopened that year by the Einasleigh Freehold Mining Company, in which John Moffat had acquired an interest. By 1901 copper matte from a smelter at Einasleigh was being transported to Almaden by camel train. The coming of the Etheridge Railway in 1909 allowed Einasleigh to boom, and it was the largest centre on the Etheridge between 1907 and 1910. By 1910 six ore trains a week were running from Einasleigh to the Chillagoe smelters, and in 1911 the mine was purchased by the Chillagoe Company. It closed in 1914, and was reopened by the Queensland Government between 1920 and 1922.</p><br>
<p>By 1916 Einasleigh station consisted of a station building, siding, telephone, scales, fork, cattle yards, and a horse and cart loading bank. By 1935 it also had a goods shed (not extant). As both Einasleigh and Forsayth were expected to provide substantial amounts of copper ore, the importance of the towns railway terminals meant that station masters houses, designed by Frew, were built at both towns. A branch line to the Einasleigh copper mine forked off to the north of the station, and today the remaining section off this line leads to cattle yards.</p><br>
<p>By July 1909 a train was running from Almaden to Reedy Springs (Wirra Wirra), and by the end of August 1909 cuttings and embankments had been made to within 7 miles (11.2 km) of Charleston, with stone culverts and drains complete to 2 miles (3.2 km) from Charleston. More earthworks were required on the Newcastle Range and Delaney Gorge sections than elsewhere on the line. Ore trains were running to Chillagoe from a terminus just short of Charleston by January 1910, and the terminus (229.5 km from Almaden) was renamed "Forsayth" in December 1910. The regular mixed train ran from Forsayth to Almaden three times a week, returning the next day, although there was only one train a week during World War I. By 1916 Forsayth railway station had a station building, siding, phone, scales, turning fork, cattle yards, and horse and cart loading bank. By 1935 it also had a gate and a goods shed. The cattle yards were rebuilt in 1970, but no cattle have been handled from the station since January 1993. The framed tent quarters date from about 1914, with 1930s additions.</p><br>
<p>The working and maintenance of the Etheridge railway was taken over by the government from 5 February 1911. From the beginning, cattle were transported from the various stations and sidings along the line, but this traffic increased in importance with the decline of mining. Apart from the main stations on the line there were a number of sidings, the majority situated between Almaden and Mount Surprise. Little survives at these sidings today, other than siding tracks, concrete slabs, some signals and points&#39; equipment, loading banks and cattle yard remnants.</p><br>
<p>Around 1917 a lime burning business started at Ootann (13 km south of Almaden), using old kilns used during the construction of the railway, and a siding was installed about 1918. Ootann was the limit of steam operation from 1927 to 1951. It had a shelter shed by 1935, and an overhead gantry for loading lime. The present main line was originally the siding, as the main line was moved to install the gantry. Gelaro (30 km) had a crossing loop, levers and a shelter shed by 1969. Bullock Creek (52 km) had a siding and railway phone by 1916, and was the site of a permanent fettlers (rail line maintenance workers) camp by 1932. There was a side loading bank and shelter by 1935, and private cattle yards by 1951. A 30,000 gallon (136,383 litre) water tank was present, although this no longer exists. The loading of cattle at Bullock Creek ceased in late 1991.</p><br>
<p>In 1908 Lyndbrook (69 km) had a goods shed, engine shed, station house and forkline. It was named Lyndbrook in December 1909, and by 1935 it consisted of a siding, telephone, fork, side loading bank, shelter, and goods shed (the latter was removed that year). Private cattle yards existed by 1954, but no cattle have been loaded since January 1993. Fossilbrook Creek (77 km) consisted of a telephone in 1950. Nearby Fossilbrook was a busy tin-mining town in 1905, with two hotels, but nothing remains of the town. Frewhurst (88 km) had a sawmill about 1908, and was named in 1909. By 1916 it had a gate, siding, telephone and loading bank. It had a shelter by 1935, and a private cattle yard by 1951, which was enlarged in the mid 1970s. Livestock has not been handled from Frewhurst since late 1991.</p><br>
<p>South of Einasleigh, there was a siding (178.6 km) at Teasdale (Teesdale) adjacent to the Teasdale Mine. There was a hotel here in 1909, but nothing remains of this siding today, or of a sawmill siding (198 km). A siding at Reedy Springs (208.5 km) was renamed Wirra Wirra in December 1910. In 1916 it consisted of a gate, siding, telephone, and fork. By 1935 it also had a side loading bank and a shelter. A new stock yard was built in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The railway extension did not make a great deal of difference to the financial stability of the Chillagoe Company. The high cost of fuel for the smelters, a lack of ore, increasing wages, low metal prices and over-capitalisation on railways and smelters all contributed to the closure of the Chillagoe smelters. The Company asked for a government loan in February 1914 and when this was refused the company shut down its smelting and ore-buying operations. Ironically, the price of metal rose during the course of World War I, while the smelters were idle.</p><br>
<p>Protracted negotiations between the government and the Chillagoe Company led to the passing of The Chillagoe and Etheridge Railways Act 1918 and the resumption of the company assets, including the Etheridge Railway, on 20 June 1919. The Almaden to Forsayth line was purchased for £225,000 pounds. The Chillagoe smelters were reopened in January 1920, and were operated by the government until 1943.</p><br>
<p>John Moffat retired in 1912, and died in June 1918. He helped develop North Queensland by bringing both public and private capital into the region, and from 1880 he had built up mining as the key foundation of the region&#39;s economy. His railway lines also assisted pastoralists, as railways resulted in cheaper rates for transporting supplies, and cattle could be sent to meatworks in better condition. Although gold mining briefly revived mining traffic on the Etheridge line in the 1930s, it was pastoralism that kept the towns of the Etheridge alive.</p><br>
<p>In January 1927 six bridges along the Etheridge line were destroyed by floods and the government sought to close the line beyond the lime works at Ootann, just south of Almaden. Due to public pressure the line was reopened in 1928, after the building of low-level bridges, but it was only maintained to standard suitable for use by railmotors. Steam trains did not operate on the line again until after the section from Almaden to Mount Surprise was reconditioned between 1949 and 1951 to allow the transport of heavier loads of cattle than could be pulled by diesel engines. This included adding 60 pound per yard rails on corners, regrading in six places, and one deviation. From the 1950s diesel-mechanical locomotives operated in multiple south of Mount Surprise to allow larger loads of cattle to be moved on the section of line to Forsayth. They were followed by diesel electric locomotives. This work assisted the cattle industry but the building of a bituminized "Beef Road" from Georgetown to Cairns reduced the use of the Etheridge line for cattle from the late 1960s. The use of steam locomotives to Mount Surprise ended in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The Etheridge line was closed again after floods in 1974, but reopened in December that year. In late 1994 and early 1995 the local community protested against the proposed ending of the Cairns to Forsayth freight and passenger rail service, which would leave only the Mount Surprise to Forsayth section of the Etheridge line operating as a tourist railway (the Savannahlander). Einasleighs population blockaded the railway for four days in late December 1994, holding the "Last Great Train Ride" hostage. During this period the locals fed and housed the train passengers and crew until the blockade was lifted after negotiation with the police. The line from Mareeba to Mount Surprise was closed and the Savannahlander tourist railmotor started operation from Mount Surprise to Forsayth in April 1995. However, after an upgrade of the line for sugar syrup trains from Cairns to Arriga, and limited restoration of the rest of the line, the Savannahlander started travelling from Cairns to Forsayth in September 1998. Over four days the Savannahlander, operated by Cairns Kuranda Steam, travels to Mareeba, then west on the Chillagoe line as far as Almaden, before heading south to Forsayth on the Etheridge line and then returning to Cairns. It uses three railmotor units, including two 2000 Class PD cars (1963) and one 2051 class PLDT car (1971). The Etheridge line is currently maintained by Queensland Rail, on a contract basis for Queensland Transport. During 2007 and 2008 many of the Etheridge lines timber sleepers have been replaced with steel sleepers, leaving a 1:1 ratio of timber to steel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Etheridge Railway line runs for about 230 km from Almaden to Forsayth, and the section from Mount Surprise to Forsayth (included in the heritage boundary) is about 121 km long. Built cheaply, the line rarely uses metal ballasting under the railway sleepers, and most sleepers are set directly onto the soil. Half of the sleepers are timber, and half are steel, due to a recent replacement project. Soon after heading south from Almaden, the rails change from 60 pounds per yard to 41? pounds per yard, with a noticeable increase in noise and vibration. The line tends to follow the lie of the land, with small cuttings and embankments, although there are larger earth embankments and cuttings on the Newcastle Range section of the line, between Einasleigh and Forsayth. The formation of the line between Almaden and Mount Surprise (not included within the heritage boundary) does not follow its original gradient, due to its reconditioning between 1949 and 1951.</p><br>
<p>The surviving railway buildings, rails, sidings, turning forks, cattle yards, loading banks, stone pitched bridges and culverts, stone cuttings, sandboxes (for refilling the sand-dispensing units in front of train wheels), water tank, signage, and signals and points infrastructure at the Mount Surprise, Einasleigh and Forsayth railway stations and along the Etheridge Railway between Mount Surprise and Forsayth are significant.</p><br>
<h3>Mount Surprise railway station</h3><br>
<p>The significant elements of this station include: a steel semaphore signal frame and signal arm at the northeast end of the yards, west of the line; a turning fork southwest of the signal and to the north of the line (and associated points levers); a trolley shed south of the fork; two railway houses southwest of the fork and north of the line on Lot 73 SP127336; a metal sandbox, large water tank, tank stand and shower to the north of the modern carriage shelter built over the main line southwest of the fork; a siding south of the main line (and associated points levers); a goods shed on the south side of the siding; a station building southwest of the goods shed and north of the main line; and a timber shed southwest of the station building, on the north side of the main line. Non significant elements include: modern demountable buildings and a shelter shed at the apex of the fork; a modern highset house north of the main line on Lot 73 SP127336; the steel framed, gable roofed, corrugated zincalume-clad carriage shade over the main line, and the skillion roofed, steel framed and corrugated zincalume-clad interpretation shed northeast of the station building; a small timber shed just southwest of the water tank; and a QR telephone box southwest of the station building.</p><br>
<p>The passenger station is a lowset timber-framed building, with chamferboard-clad walls and a skillion corrugated iron roof that has been extended to form an awning supported by straight timber brackets. The central waiting area has a picket fence and gate, toilets are on the left hand side of the building, and an office with a stable style door is on the right. Some original sash windows survive. There is a modern plastic water tank to the rear of the station building (not significant). The goods shed is a lowset, timber-framed building clad in corrugated iron. Its gabled corrugated iron roof has an awning over a loading platform on the north-west elevation which is supported by curved timber brackets. The goods shed has timber doors on its north- west, south-west and south-east elevations, and narrow windows on the north-east and south-west elevations. A plastic water tank on the north-east elevation is not significant. The small, gable-roofed timber shed south-west of the station building is clad in chamferboard, with an exposed stud to the exterior. It stands on a recent timber and steel platform, has a single timber door on its south-east elevation, a double timber door on its north-west elevation, and fixed timber louvers at each end. The area between the above three buildings has been turfed, up to and between the rails, which gives the appearance that the train is running on grass.</p><br>
<p>The large riveted iron water tank on a timber stand provided water for engines and the station complex. There is an unused corrugated iron- clad shower room underneath the tank stand, which contains the remains of plumbing fittings. The five-bay trolley shed is clad in corrugated iron, with a skillion roof, and gates of timber battens. The two lowset, gable-roofed houses north of the line are timber-framed, and clad in timber and fibrous cement sheeting. Their yards have gates opening into the railway station area.</p><br>
<h3>Einasleigh railway station</h3><br>
<p>The significant elements of this station include semaphore signal frames (no signal arms) and sand boxes at the approaches to each end of the station; a siding north of the main line and a small siding south of the main line (and any associated points levers); the station building to the south of the main line; a small shed to the north-east of the station building; a loading bank south-west of the station building; and a loading bank on the north side of the northern siding (site of the removed goods shed), to the south-west of the station building. The fork line north of the station, and the cattle yards at the apex of the fork, are also significant, although they are outside the railway reserve. The nearby station master&#39;s residence at Einasleigh is separately listed on the Queensland Heritage Register. Non-significant elements of the station include: a modern metal-clad storage shed to the north of the northern siding, to the northeast of the station building; a QR telephone box and a communications tower behind the station building; two concrete water tanks southwest of the station building; and a recent metal clad three-bay trolley shed at the southwest end of the station, south of the main line.</p><br>
<p>The skillion-roofed passenger station is lowset, and is clad with weatherboards over a timber frame. Straight timber brackets support the awning, and there is a picket fence to the waiting shed section at the south-west end of the building. An office is at the centre of the building, with toilets at the north-east end. The small gable-roofed shed is clad in corrugated iron, and is set on concrete stumps. It has double timber doors and a small timber loading platform on its north- west elevation, which is reached by modern steel steps with a steel balustrade. The loading banks are made of earth, with retaining walls made with a combination of concrete, steel and timber.</p><br>
<h3>Forsayth railway station</h3><br>
<p>The significant elements of Forsayth Station include: a semaphore signal frame with signal arm at the east end of the yards, south of the main line; a trolley shed south of the line at the east end of the station; a siding north of the main line, and a turning fork north of the main line; another trolley shed south of the main line near the start of the east arm of the fork; a sandbox and a points lever to the east of the second trolley shed; loading bank and a signal lever south of the main line; a station building to the south of the main line and west of the loading bank; a goods shed north of the siding and west of the station building; cattle yards west of the fork; a loading bank east of the apex of the fork; and a framed tent quarters east of the apex of the fork. The nearby station master&#39;s residence at Forsayth is separately listed on the Queensland Heritage Register. Non-significant elements include: modern demountable buildings east of the station; modern toilets east of the fork line; a shelter shed for a DR2 diesel locomotive (one of a number which hauled stock on the Etheridge line) south of the main line; and a large modern steel shed on the west side of the cattle yards.</p><br>
<p>The station building is a lowset, chamferboard-clad, timber-framed building standing on concrete stumps. It has a skillion roof clad in corrugated steel with modern gutters and downpipes, and the building has been partly reclad in Hardiplank. The original windows have been replaced. The building has been modified internally, and now consists of a women&#39;s toilet and an office, the shelter section having been enclosed. Two plastic water tanks to the south of the building are not significant. The gable-roofed goods shed is clad with corrugated iron, and the awning over the small timber loading dock on the southern elevation is supported on curved timber brackets. There is a concrete loading dock on the east elevation of the goods shed, which has timber doors on its north, south and east elevations. The two skillion roofed, two-bay trolley sheds are clad in corrugated iron, with corrugated iron sliding doors. The loading bank near the station building is made of earth, with concrete retaining walls, as is the loading bank near the tent quarters.</p><br>
<p>The framed tent quarters consist of two gable-roofed structures and a skillion-roofed bathroom. The northern structure is clad with corrugated iron and has a skillion-roofed stove recess to the north, and the southern structure is clad with chamferboard with timber studs exposed internally. Just to the east of the northern structure is a small bathroom clad with fibrous cement sheeting. All three elements of the quarters are linked by an open timber deck. The two main structures stand on concrete stumps, while the bathroom stands on metal stumps. The roof of the southern structure used to be supported independently on freestanding timber posts and over-sailed the ceiling line in the form of a tent. This has collapsed to the ground, although the roof of the southern structure is still clad with timber boards. There are two tank stands, to the east and west of the quarters, although only the east stand still has a corrugated iron tank. A corrugated iron-clad earth closet is located to the north of the quarters. The cattle yards are steel; with a loading ramp to the fork, and the northern section of the yards is made of timber.</p><br>
<h3>The Newcastle Range and Delaney Gorge section of line</h3><br>
<p>The section of the Etheridge Railway over the Newcastle range and through the Delaney Gorge has more earthworks than the rest of the railway. The railway track runs along the north face of the Delaney Gorge and along the bed of the Delaney River for a short distance. The significant elements within this section of the railway include any stone pitched bridge piers and abutments, stone pitched culverts, and stone cuttings. A large stone pitched culvert is located near Native Well, east of Wirra Wirra. A bridge over Starlight Creek, just east of Delaney Gorge, has stone piers and abutments, and a small bridge just east of Wirra Wirra has stone abutments. Bridges constructed with stonework are significant due to their rarity on the Etheridge line.</p><br>
<p>There is a siding at Wirra Wirra (208.5 km from Almaden), on the tableland of the Newcastle Range. Within the rail reserve there is a remnant of the east branch of the fork; and concrete slabs and concrete water tank footings south of the main line. Outside the railway reserve, near the location of the removed western arm of the fork, there is an earth and steel loading bank and some timber cattle yard posts. The modern QR telephone box and its supporting infrastructure are not significant.</p><br>
<h3>Non-significant elements</h3><br>
<p>The line has a large number of short timber trestle bridges with concrete abutments, along with a smaller number of medium-size timber trestle bridges, such as the High Bridge in the Delaney Gorge. Longer bridges on the line include those at Junction Creek, Lighthouse Creek, the Einasleigh River and the Copperfield River. Some bridges have one or more concrete piers, and some timbers have been replaced with steel. The bridges without stonework are not of cultural heritage significance, as they were designed to be cheaply replaced if damaged during floods, and the larger bridges have been replaced at various times; for example the Copperfield Bridge was destroyed in 1927, 1980 and 2002.</p><br>
<p>There are a number of small concrete culverts and open drains, concrete retaining walls in the Delaney Gorge, and modern Queensland Rail communications installations at the stations and Wirra Wirra siding which are not significant. The sleepers of the main line within the railway reserve are not significant.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Etheridge Railway was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 February 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Etheridge Railway, constructed by John Moffat&#39;s Chillagoe Railway and Mines Company between 1907 and 1910, was a significant component of an important, large-scale, privately built mining railway network in North Queensland and is important in demonstrating the widespread development of mining and transport infrastructure in this part of the State.</p><br>
<p>The railway stations at Mount Surprise, Einasleigh and Forsayth and the route of the Etheridge Railway between Mount Surprise and Forsayth, including surviving railway buildings, rails, sidings, turning forks, loading banks, stone pitched bridges and culverts, stone cuttings, sandboxes, water tank, signage, and signals and points infrastructure, are important surviving evidence of the efforts of the Chillagoe Railway and Mines Company to supply copper ore to its smelters at Chillagoe.</p><br>
<p>The arrangement under which the State government maintained and operated the Etheridge Railway initially as a private line - with an option to purchase after 15 years - was the first step towards the present system under which mineral railways are government owned and operated but built with private capital repaid out of profits.</p><br>
<p>The station complexes at the mining towns of Einasleigh and Forsayth demonstrate the economic importance of these locations to the Chillagoe Company. Both stations have impressive triple-gabled station master&#39;s residences designed by AS Frew.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Surprise railway station complex and other remaining evidence of cattle transportation at the main stations along the Etheridge Railway, such as cattle yards and loading banks, are important in demonstrating the role that the railway played in maintaining pastoral activity in the area before the construction of the bitumen "Beef Road" in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The tent quarters at Forsayth is a rare surviving Queensland example of its type, and provides evidence of the amenities considered appropriate for railway workers in the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The large iron water tank at Mount Surprise is a good example of a type now becoming rare.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The surviving railway buildings, rails, sidings, turning forks, cattle yards, loading banks, stone pitched bridges and culverts, stone cuttings, sandboxes, water tank, signage, and signals and points infrastructure at the Mount Surprise, Einasleigh and Forsayth railway stations and along the Etheridge Railway between Mount Surprise and Forsayth all demonstrate the principal characteristics of a railway line that was used for mining and pastoral purposes.</p><br>
<p>The route and formation of the line between Mount Surprise and Forsayth, with its steep gradients and sharp curves and accompanying lack of earthworks, along with the relative lack of steel, stone or brick bridge piers and abutments, demonstrates the nature of a railway line that was built as economically as possible. The section of the railway over the Newcastle Range and through the Delaney Gorge, although it has more earthworks and stone cuttings than any other section of the railway, also demonstrates a cheap form of railway construction, due to its sharp curves and steep gradients.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Surprise station complex has the most intact group of railway buildings, and its station building, goods shed, small timber shed and water tank are all good examples of their type. Other elements, such as two railway houses, a trolley shed, sandbox, sidings, turning fork and signals and points levers all contribute to an understanding of how a rural railway station functioned. The shower under the water tank illustrates the past lifestyle of railway workers.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Etheridge Railway was an essential element of the business empire of John Moffat and the Chillagoe Company. Between 1880 and 1914 much of the economic activity of North Queensland was driven by the railways and mining towns created by Moffat&#39;s enterprises.</p><br>
<p>Lake Angelus is a private, all-sports, 477 acre lake in Oakland County, in the USA state of Michigan. The community of Lake Angelus is at the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Angelus is primarily located in Auburn Hills, except for a portion of the western portion of the lake which lies in Waterford Township.</p><br>
<p>Lake Angelus is the ninth-largest lake in Oakland County and the eighth-deepest lake in Oakland County.</p><br>
<p>The ten largest lakes in Oakland County are:</p><br>
<p>Cass Lake 1,280 acres</p><br>
<p>Kent Lake 1,200 acres</p><br>
<p>Orchard Lake 795 acres</p><br>
<p>Walled Lake 670 acres</p><br>
<p>Pontiac Lake 640 acres</p><br>
<p>White Lake 540 acres</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Lake 532 acres</p><br>
<p>Lake Orion 506 acres</p><br>
<p>Lake Angelus 477 acres</p><br>
<p>Union Lake 465 acres</p><br>
<p>The ten deepest lakes in Oakland County are:</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the lake was called Three Mile Lake. During the 1920s, the lake was renamed Lake Angelus by Mrs. Sollace B. Collidge.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Fish in Lake Angelus include pumpkinseed sunfish, largemouth bass, walleye, northern pike and crappie.</p><br>
<p>Old Courthouse, also known as the Second St. Joseph County Courthouse, is a historic courthouse located at South Bend, St. Joseph County, Indiana. It was designed by noted architect John M. Van Osdel  and built in 1853. It is a two-story, Greek Revival style stone building. The building measures 61 feet wide and 93 feet deep. It features a projecting front portico supported by Doric order columns and a front gable roof topped by a cupola. It was moved to its present site in 1896. Following construction of the Third St. Joseph County Courthouse, the building housed the local G.A.R. chapter and historical museum. The building now houses office of the Traffic and Misdemeanor Court and Small Claims Court.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. It is located in the West Washington Historic District.</p><br>
